Respiratory Monitors And Equipment

Question 1

What is the Peak Inspiratory Pressure?

Answer 1

It’s the maximum pressure in the patient’s airway during inspiration.

Question 2

What is the equation for dynamic compliance?

Answer 2

Dynamic compliance = tidal volume / peak inspiratory pressure - PEEP

Question 3

What is plateau pressure?

Answer 3

It is the pressure in the small airways and alveoli after the target tidal volume is delivered

Question 4

At what plateau pressure does the risk of barotrauma occur?

Answer 4

> 35 cm/H2O

Question 5

What is the equation for static compliance?

Answer 5

Static compliance = tidal volume / plateau pressure - PEEP

Question 6

What is phase 1 (A-B) of the capnograph?

Answer 6

Exhalation of anatomical dead space

Question 7

What is phase II (B-C) of the capnograph?

Answer 7

Exhalation of dead space AND alveolar gas (mixture)

Question 8

What is phase III (C-D) of the capnograph?

Answer 8

Exhalation of alveolar gas

Question 9

What is phase IV (D-E) of the capnograph?

Answer 9

Inspiration of fresh gas that does not contain CO2

Question 10

Where is the alpha angle measured?

Answer 10

At point C

Question 11

What does an increased alpha angle signify?

Answer 11

Expiratory airflow obstruction, bronchospasm, or a kinked ETT

Question 12

Where is the beta angle measured?

Answer 12

Point D.

Question 13

What are the two methods of CO2 analysis?

Answer 13

Mainstream (in line)
Sidestream (diverting)

Question 14

What are some traits of a mainstream CO2 analyzer?

Answer 14

Attached to ETT
No need for water trap or pulping mechanism
Increased dead space

Question 15

What are some traits about sidestream (diverting CO2) analysis?

Answer 15

Outside of the airway
Response time is slower
Requires water trap

Question 16

What law is pulse oximetry based on?

Answer 16

Beer-lambert law

Question 17

What wavelength preferentially absorbs deoxyhemoglobin?

Answer 17

660

Remember lower wavelength, lower amount of o2

Question 18

What wavelength preferentially absorbs oxygenated hemoglobin?

Answer 18

940

Higher wavelength, higher O2

Question 19

What pulse oximetry sites are the most responsive? Most to least

Answer 19

As a rule, the closer to central circulation, the fast the response

(Ear, nose, tongue, esophagus, forehead > finger > toe

Question 20

What PaO2 corresponds to a SpO2 of 90%?

Answer 20

60 mmHg

Question 21

What PaO2 corresponds to a SpO2 of 80%?

Answer 21

50 mmHg

Question 22

What PaO2 corresponds to a SpO2 of 70%?

Answer 22

40 mmHg

Question 23

What are some methods to improve the SpO2 signal?

Answer 23

Place a digital block
Warm the extremity
Protect from ambient light
Vasodilating cream
Arterial vasodilator

Question 24

What is pulse oximetry a monitor of?

Answer 24

Hemoglobin Saturation
Heart rate
Fluid responsiveness

(Also tissue perfusion/compression)

Question 25

What are some optical things that may cause for an inaccuracy in pulse ox readings

Answer 25

Dyes (methylene blue, Indocyanine green, and indigo carmine)

Nail polish -blue, black, and green (NOT PURPLE or RED)

External light

Question 26

What is considered an increased risk in corneal abrasion?

Answer 26

Placing the pulse oximetry in the index finger

Question 27

What is the most common way of measuring exhaled gas?

Answer 27

Infrared Absorption

Question 28

What is infrared absorption Spectrophotometry?

Answer 28

Each has has a signature “fingerprint.” Deals with the partial pressure of gases

Question 29

What is Mass Spectrometry analysis?

Answer 29

Bombards a gas sample with electrons creating ion fragments ~ these are then separated and identified based on their MASS!!

Question 30

What is Raman Scatter Spectrometry?

Answer 30

Uses a high power argon laser to produce photons which turn and collide with the gas molecules. These are then measured

Question 31

What is Piezoelectric crystals?

Answer 31

A tool that can detect inspired, expired, and breath to breath changes of a particular gas by incorporating a lipid layer on the crystal.