Brain Flashcards
What is the fx of astrocytes?
Metabolic support to the neurons
What is the fx of ependymal cells?
CSF production
What is the fx or microglia?
Act as macrophages and phagocytize neuronal debris
What is the fx of oligodendrocytes?
Form the myelin sheath and increase conduction velocity
What forms the myelin sheath in peripheral nerves?
Schwann cells
What do the cell bodies of neurons form?
Grey matter
What do the axons form?
Form the white matter
What are the three types found in the CNS?
Multipolar (most CNS neurons)
Pseudounipolar (dorsal root ganglion)
Bipolar (retina, ear)
What type of CNS cell is most prone to brain tumors?
Glial cell
What is the cerebral hemisphere that contains the motor cortex?
Frontal
Which cerebral hemisphere contains the somatic sensory cortex?
Parietal
Which cerebral hemisphere contains the vision Cortex?
Occipital
Which cerebral hemisphere contains the auditory cortex and speech centers?
Temporal center
Which area helps one understand speech?
Wernicke’s area
Which area is the motor control of speech?
Broca’s area
Which area of the brain includes cognition, movement (pre central gurus of the frontal lobe), and sensation
Cerebral Cortex
Which area of the brain affect memory and learning?
Hippocampus
Which area of the brain deals with emotion, appetite, responds to pain and stressors
Amygdala
What part of the brain deals with fine control of movement?
Basal ganglia
(Caudate nucleus)
(Globus pallidus)
What are parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus (acts as a relay station)
hypothalamus (primary neurohumoral organ)
What are parts of the brainstem?
Midbrain (auditory and visual tracts)
Pons (autonomic integration)
Reticular activating system (controls consciousness, arousal, sleep)
Medulla (autonomic integration)
What are the three types of cerebellum?
Archicerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum
What is cranial nerve 1?
Olfactory (smell)
What is cranial nerve 2?
Optic (vision)
What is cranial nerve 3?
Oculomotor (eye mov. And pupil constriction)
(Extorsion ~ elevation, supraduction, adduction, infraduction)
What is cranial nerve 4?
Trochlear (eye mov.)
Superior oblique ~ intorsion
What is cranial nerve 5?
Trigeminal (somatic sensation to face, anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and muscles of mastication)
V1
V2
V3
What is cranial nerve 6?
Abducens (eye mov.)
***abductuon
What is cranial nerve 7?
Facial (facial mov., Eyelid closing, taste to anterior 2/3 tongue)
Branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
“The zebra bit my cousin”
What is cranial nerve 8?
Vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance)
What is cranial nerve 9?
Glossopharyngeal (somatic sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue)
What is cranial nerve 10?
Vagus (soooo much ~ swallowing)
What is cranial nerve 11?
Accessory (shoulder shrug)
What is cranial nerve 12?
Hypoglossal (tongue movement)
What is the mnemonic for the function of all the cranial nerves?
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More
- Sensory
- Sensory
- Motor
- Motor
- Both
- Motor
- Both
- Sensory
- Both
- Both
- Motor
- Motor
Hi
Which cranial nerve is not part of the peripheral nervous system?
Optic nerve
Which nerve causes Bell’s Palsy?
Facial n.
What is tic douloureux?
Trigeminal neuralgia CN (generates excruciating neuropathic pain in the face)
What is the site of CSF production?
Choroid plexus
What is the site of CSF reabsorption?
Arachnoid villi
What is the pathway b/t the lateral and third ventricle?
Foramen of Monro
What is the pathway between third and fourth ventricle?
Aqueduct of Sylvius
What are the locations the CSF in the brain/spine?
Ventricles (left lateral, right lateral, third, fourth)
Cisterns around the brain
Subarachnoid space in the brain and spinal cord
What are some traits about the BBB?
Tight junctions to restrict access
Does not have carrier proteins
Is poorly developed in the neonate
Where are the 5 parts the BBB is not at?
Chemoreceptor trigger zone, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, choroid plexus, and parts of the hypothalamus.
What is the total CSF volume?
150 mL
What is CSF’s specific gravity?
1.002 - 1.009
At what rate is CSF produced at?
30 mL/hr
What is normal CSF pressure?
5-15 mmHg
Where is the site of production of CSF?
Choroid plexus in the cerebral ventricles
Where is the site of reabsorption?
Arachnoid villi in the superior Sagittarius sinus
(Reabsorption is dependent on the pressure gradient b/t CSF and venous circ)
What is the Mnemonic for CSF flow?
Love My 3 Silly fierce little Monsters
Love: lateral ventricles
My: monro (foramen)
3: 3rd ventricle
Silly: Sylvius
Fierce: fourth ventricle
Little: Luschka
Monsters: magendie
What are some main different b/t CSF and plasma?
CSF = less K+, decreased pH, decreased glucose, and Literally NO PROTEIN
What is an excessive accumulation of CSF in the brain called?
Hydrocephalus
What are the two types of hydrocephalus?
Obstructive: obstruction of CSF flow
Communicating hydrocephalus: decreased absorption by the arachnoid villi or overproduction of CSF
What is the equation for cerebral blood flow?
Cerebral blood flow = cerebral perfusion pressure / cerebral vascular resistance
At what CBF will you evidence of ischemia?
~ 20 mL/100g
At what cerebral blood flow (CBF) would you have complete cortical suppression?
~ 15 mL/100g
At what cerebral blood flow (CBF) will you have membrane failure and cell death?
< 15 mL/100g
What are the 5 determinants of cerebral blood flow?
Cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen
Cerebral perfusion pressure
PaCO2
PaO2
Venous pressure
Cerebral blood flow is coupled to what?
CMRO2
(The greater the need for oxygen, the more blood flow there will be to satisfy this need)
What % or oxygen is used for electrical activity? What % is used for cellular integrity?
Electrical= 60%
Cellular integrity=40%
How much does CMRO2 decrease per 1 degree of Celsius decrease in temperature?
7%
What things decrease CMRO2?
Hypothermia, halogenated anesthetics, propofol, etomidate, and barbiturates
What things increase CMRO2?
Hyperthermia, seizures, ketamine, nitrous oxide
At what temperature do proteins denature and neurons become destroyed?
42 degrees Celsius
What is the range for cerebral perfusion pressure?
50-150 mmHg
OR
MAP 60-160 mmHg
What is the equation for CPP?
CPP = MAP - ICP (or CVP) whichever is higher.