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BSAVA ECC > Respiratory Module 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pulse oximetry used for and how does it work

A

Used to measure SpO2
Measures the percentage of Hb saturation
- Works by emitting 2 wavelenght of light (red and infrared) from on side of the detector to the other
-Oxyhaem absorbs infrared light and deoxy absorbs more red light

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2
Q

Why must the pulse oximeter have a plethesmograph

A

All tissues measure light and the probe differentiates the light absorption via the pulsatile flow of blood. If not present can not tell if reading is accurate

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3
Q

What are 5 causes of false results on the pulse oximeter

A
  • movement
  • dark skin
  • fur
    -ambient light
    -anything that decreases blood flow: hypothermia, hypotension
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4
Q

What is capnography used for?

A

Capnography measures the end-tidal CO2

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5
Q

What 3 things affect the CO2 exhaled?

A

Amount of CO2 produced by respiring tissue, cardiac output, alveolar ventilation

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6
Q

What is the best view for assessing for aspiration pneumonia

A

Left lateral view as the right bronchus runs almost directly in to the right middle lube lobe and this is most likely to be affected

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7
Q

What are views of the TFAST

A

Chest tube site bilateral
Pericardial site bilateral
Diaphragmatic site bilateral

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8
Q

What is a DDX for inspiratory effort?

A

URT obstruction

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9
Q

What are some DDX for expiratory effort

A

Pulmonary/small airway disease
- pneumonia
-asthma

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10
Q

What are some DDX for a mixed respiratory effort

A

chest wall D
pleural space D
pulmonary D

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11
Q

What are the 3 respiratory effort that can present

A

Expiratory, inspiratory and mixed

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12
Q

What are three respiratory patterns

A

Restrictive, obstructive and mixed

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13
Q

How will an obstructive respiratory pattern present and what are DDX

A

Rapid, shallow breathing
Severe pulmonary or pleural disease

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14
Q

How will restrictive pattern present and what are DDX

A

Slow, deep, deliberate effort on inspiration (URT obstruction) or expiration (LA problem)

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15
Q

What are 4 invasive ways of providing oxygen

A

Intubation
Naso-phayngeal catheter
Transtracheal O2
Nasal Prongs/High Flow O2
-mechanical ventilation

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16
Q

What are 3 non-invasive ways of providing oxygen

A

Mask
Oxygen tent
Flow by
CPAP

17
Q

What are 3 methods to sample the airway

A
  1. Transtracheal wash
  2. Blind BAL
  3. Guided BAL
18
Q

What are 3 ways to diagnose a pneumothorax on US

A
  1. Loss of glide sign
  2. Lung point
  3. M-mode: Barcode sign
19
Q

What is the glide sign and how is it visualised on a scanner

A

Visualised as a hyperechoic line moving back and forth. Represents the visceral pluera moving against the chest wall during breathing
- decrease gain to see easier and tilt probe to hit it at an angle

20
Q

What is lung point and how is it diagnosed

A

Lung point is the area where normal lung comes back in to view. This is found by sliding the probe dorsal to ventral till the lung comes back
- move in time with patients breathing

21
Q

What are b-lines

A

Hyperechoic lines originating from the pleural line and extending all the way through the field
- does not fade
- will efface A-lines
- caused by fluid trapped between lung and probe

22
Q

Priorities when treating a patient with upper respiratory tract obstruction

A
  1. Sedative to calm
  2. O2 provision
  3. Active cooling
  4. GA to intubate - if desaturating + inflammation
  5. If edematous: dexamethasone 0.1-0.2mg/kg
  6. Tracheostomy
23
Q

Causes of laryngeal paralysis

A
  1. congenital recurrent laryngeal neuropathy
  2. iatrogenic damage
  3. Myasthenia gravis
  4. Hypothyroidism
  5. Peripheral neuropathy
24
Q

What is the cause of tracheal collapse

A

Progressive degenerative disease of the tracheal cartilage
-Loss of glycosaminoglycan, chondroitin, Ca2+ leading to loss of rigidity of cartilage and flaccidity of dorsal tracheal membrane
- collapse during inspiration

25
Q

What are common sequele of tracheal injuries and how can they present

A

pneumomediastinum/tension pneumothorax
common in cats with blunt trauma, endotracheal cuffing, RTA (acceleration-deceleration injury as carina fixed in cats)

26
Q

How is allergic airway disease differentiated

A

predominance of eosinophils in mucosa/submucosa
- cats can have 20-30% population of eosinophils normally

27
Q

Explain emergency management of animal presenting with allergic airway disease

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Steroids - dexamethasone 0.2-0.5mg/kg IV/IM
  3. Bronchodilator: terbutaline (beta-agonist) or salbutamol/albuterol
  4. TPOCUS - rule out pneumothorax, CHF
  5. Radiography v. CT + BAL
28
Q

Long term management of dogs with allergic airway disease

A
  1. Steroids for 2 weeks orally
  2. Aerodawg
  3. fenbendazole - if no improving
  4. if infection: 2-3 weeks doxy
    -not anti-tussives: secretions need to be expectorated - pneumonia
29
Q

What is primary dyskinesia

A

Inherited disease affecting microtubule formation in cilia - affects the resp tract, auditory canal, urogenital system (weird sperm)
- young dog with a cough, pnuemonia, exercise intolerance

30
Q

What would be considered hyperthermia in need of active cooling + how to actively cool

A

At 41.6C - more O2 is consumed than absorbed

Active cooling
- Clipping fur on thorax/abdo
- Lukewarm water to skin (paddling pools)
- Fans on patients
- Cold isotonic fluid IV
- Crystalloid bladder lavage, gastric lavage, enema

  • Discontinue when 39.5 readed
31
Q

Things that make up BOAS

A
  • Stenotic nares
  • Hypoplastic trachea
  • Nasopharyngeal stenosis
  • Elongated soft palate
  • Everted laryngeal saccules
  • Laryngeal collapse
  • Tonsillar eversion
  • Tracheal collapse
  • Hiatal hernias
32
Q

What is the medical management of BOAS prior to surgery?

A
  • Weight control - pickwickian syndrome
  • Harness walks
  • Minimise stress
  • Cool environment
  • Omeprazole of GI signs
33
Q

What are the surgical options for BOAS

A
  1. Soft palate resection
  2. Resection of everted saccules
  3. Partial tonsillectomy
  4. Nasal vestibuloplasty - widen the nasal vestibule,
    both external and internal nares relieved
  5. Laser assisted turbinectomy
  6. Folded flap palatoplasty
  7. Partial cuniformectomy (grade 2-3 LP collapse)

BSAVA ECC (31 decks)

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