Introduction Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is assessed as part of the primary survey?

A

A - airway: is it patent?
B - breathing: is if effective?
C - circulation: is there a pulse? peripheral v. central apex

Major body systems
- Cardiovascular - HR, pulse quality, MM color, CRT, Auscultation
- Respiratory - RR, respiratory effort, auscultation
- Neurological - Mentation/consciousness, Gait/posture, deep pain

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2
Q

What makes up a capsule history?

A

SAMPLE

S - Signalment/signs
A - Allergies
M - Medications
P - Past illness
L - Last normal
E - Events leading up to illness/injury

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3
Q

What are the respiratory patterns and what are common differentials?

A

Inspiratory Pattern - Upper airway - polyps, neoplaisa/inflamm, servere URT, FB, LP

Obstructive Pattern - Lower airway - asthma

Restrictive Pattern -
Parenchymal disease: edema, haem, exudate, neoplasia, fibrosis
Pleural space disease: CHF, chylo, pneumo, pyo, FIP, haemo, neoplastic, diaphragmatic
Chest wall disease: trauma, abscess, neoplasia

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4
Q

What are trauma/severity scoring systems that can be used in general practice?

A
  1. Shock index - looks at HR, sys BP and measured against lactate
  2. Glasgow modified coma scale - head injury, 1-6 in motor activity, brainstem reflexes and level of consciousness, lower the score the worse the prognosis
  3. Animal trauma triage score - can be modified to use with perfusion, resp, neuro
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5
Q

What are the 4 sites of the AFAST

A

Looking for fluid - graded from 1-4 based on where fluid is found

  1. Diaphragmatic-hernia
  2. Spleno-renal view
  3. Reno-hepatic
  4. cystocolic
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6
Q

How do you identify a pneumothorax?

A
  1. TFAST: Chest tube site - highest point of the chest where the lung may be visualised against the thoracic wall
    - Look for glide sign : decreasing gain can help
    - M-mode: seashore - normal, barcode - abnormal
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7
Q

Wet lung v. Dry lungs

A

Dry Lungs: A-lines + glide signs
- not representative of all lung just that section
- feline asthma
- upper airway obstruction
- bronchial diesase
- PTE

Wet lungs: B-lines present
- if focal - pneumonia, contusions
- pulmonary edema - if 3 or more in 2 diff sites - CHF likely

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8
Q

What are the 5 criterion of B-lines?

A
  1. Vertical white lines
  2. Originate from lung surface
  3. Move with pleura
  4. Extends into far filed
  5. Obscures a-lines
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9
Q

Protocol for CPR

A
  1. Recognise arrest - absence of resp movements, pulses, consciouness
  2. Call for help - ideally 3 -
    - 5 roles: leader, compressor, breather, drug pusher, recorder
  3. BLS: ventilation and compressions
    - 2 min cycles (takes 60s to get myocardial perfusion pressure to optimal level)
    - 100-120/min 1/2-1/3 compressed with full recoil
    - Cardiac, thoracic, sternal
    - ventilation: 1 breathe every 6 secs
  4. ALS
    ECG - Fast >200 (v-fib, pulseless v-tach) defib/thump Slow <200 asystole, PEA (adrenaline/atropine)
    Capnograph - Gold standard for checking return to spontaneous ventilation, over 15mmHg = good compressions
    Drugs
    IV access
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10
Q

How do you correct hypovolaemia without haem?

A

Isotonic fluids - crystalloids
- 10-20ml/kg (d), 5-10ml/kg (C) over 15mins and then reassess perfusion parameters
- If severe shock consider adding in colloids
- If brain trauma is present isotonic fluids and hypertonic saline

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11
Q

What are the end parameters of corrected shock?

A

HR 80-120/160-200
T 38-39.5
CRT/MM pink mm with <2 secs
BP sys 100-120mmHg
TS/PCV - >45/>25
UO - 1-2ml/kg/hr

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12
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Dehydration is a fluid deficit in the extracellular space and should be corrected slowly for 24-48hours

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13
Q

How is fluid deficit calculated?

A

% dehydration + maintenance + ongoing losses
% dehydration => BW x % x10 = ml
Basal fluid rate => RER = (30xBW) + 70
Ongoing losses can be weight or 4ml/kg per vomit/diarrhea

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