Reproduction Module 1 Flashcards
What is paramphimosis?
Inability to retract the glans penis into the prepuce - coitus, fb entrapment, hair at entrance, trauma
CS: excessive self-grooming, discomfort decrease as ischaemia progressed, may self-mutilate
What is the treatment for paramphimosis?
- manipulate prepuce caudally - allowing inverted skin to correct
- analgesia and sedation
- cleansing and cooling and lubricant - saline irrigation, osmotic agents
- surgical: preputiotomy and phallopexy +/- preputial purse string suture
What is priapsm?
Persistent penile erection in the absence of sexual stimulation lasting >4 hrs
Two forms
Low flow: more common, decreased venous outflow leading to stagnant blood pooling secondary to ischaemic/neurogenic or occlusive results
High flow: usually secondary to arterio-venous fistulat formation - trauma - blood accumulation in corpus spongiosum (d), corpus cavernosum (c)
What is treatment for priapsm?
- Superficial cooling and compressive massage
- Local admin of vasoactive products - phenylephrine diluted with saline (risk of hypoperfusion and necrosis)
- Aspirate corporeal blood - check pH PO2/PCO2 - place urinary catheter, butterfly needle 19g butterfly, lateral aspect of penile body aspirate
- If over 36hr needs surgery
What is the treatment for prostatitis?
- Stabilise sepsis/SIRs
- Explore surgically if septic peritonitis - explore, debride, omentalise
- BS abs for 4-6 weeks, fluoro v. doxy v. TMPS
- Chemical castration/physical castration
- osaterone acetate: competitively inhibits androgen binding to receptor and blocks transport of testosterone to the prostate
- finasteride: 5-alpha reductase inhibitor prevents testos conversion
What are causes of urethral prolapse?
- The prolapse of the terminal portion of th eurethral mucosa trough external uretheral orifice - English BD
- Usually secondary to prolonged urethral irritation –> dysuria –> uroliths –> sexual stim
Treatment of urethral prolapse?
- Surgical resection
- Inversion and urethropexy
- Analgesia
- Resolve underlying aetiology
What are clinical signs of pyometra?
Vaginal discharge - open cervix
Pyrexia
PUPD - decreased ADH activity in distal collecting duct of kidney
Sepsis - endotoxaemia and peritonitis if leakage
Lower UTI - 20%
Treatment of pyometra?
- Hypoperfusion: fluids, BP monitoring norepi if fluid non-responsive
- Analgesia
- Abs
- Surgical therapy - lavage abdo
- Medical therapy - prophylactic acbs during subsequent oestral periods recommended - 15-20% in queen recurrence, 20-75% bitches
What are the options of medically managing a pyometra?
- Prostaglandin F2 analogue - (Dinoprost/Cloprosternol) induces luteolysis and opens cervixm myometrial contractions
- Dopamine agonist - Cabergoline - in combo with PGF2 alpha - luteolytic and anti-prolactin (anti-prolactin will decrease prostaglandin)
- Anti-progestins - agelpristone - also or with PGF2 alpha to convert closed in to open (decrease endogenous progesterone) best to combine with other
What is vaginal hyperplasia and how is it managed?
This is hyperplasia of the caudal vaginal mucosa - caused by high levels of circulating estrogens (will resolve as oestrous ends)
- Assess for urethral obstruction and necrotic tissue
Treatment
1. Gentle cleansing, lubrication, reduction - prevent self traima with analgesia/BC
- Progesterones will accelerate the end of oestrous
- OVG - surgical intervention should be avoided - catheterise urethra and preform episiotomy to decrease morbidity
What are electrolyte abnormalities that can affect pregnant female?
Hypoglycaemia - normally high progesterone should antagonise insulin and cause hyperglycaemia - supplement with dextrose, high energy diet
Hyperglycaemia - High progesterone antagonises insulin (reduces peripheral binding) and also stimulates release of GH which works to further downregulate insulin and inhibit glucose transport
Hypocalcaemia - small breed dogs + big litters and usually in early lactation and not late pregnancy
- lowers membrane threshold for AP - overexcited nerve fibres - tetany due to repetitive firing
What are causes of primary uterine inertia?
Can be partial or complete
- Electrolyte abnormalities - low Ca, Mg
- Stress, age, obesity
- Uterine overextension with a large litter
- Inadequate cortisol due to small litter
- Myometrial abnormalities
- Oxytocin deficiency
What are causes of secondary uterine inertia?
- Obstructive dystocia
- Pain, fatigue
- Tracheal rupture??
- Uterine or abdominal wall rupture
What are causes of maternal obstructive dystocia?
- Ectopic preg
- Uterine adhesions/herniation
- Decreased cervical dilation
- Decreased pelvic diameter
- Obesity
- Uterine torsion
- Conformational abnormalities
