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CMS Revision > Respiratory Medicine > Flashcards

Respiratory Medicine Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 main disturbances that can occur within the respiratory system?

A

Reduced transfer of O2
Reduced ventilation of lungs
Reduced profusion of lungs

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2
Q

What are some respiratory symptoms?

A 
Breathlessness
Wheeze 
Cough 
Sputum production 
Chest pains
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3
Q

What is asthma defined as?

A

Reversible small airway obstruction

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4
Q

What % of adults and kids does asthma affect?

A

Adults 2-5%

Kids 5-10%

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Wheeze
Breathlessness not always related to exercise
Cough - Nocturnal, exercise induced, cold induced

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6
Q

How is asthma assessed?

A

Peak flow recordings

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7
Q

What can make someones asthma worse?

A 
Allergens
Irritants
Exertion
NSAIDs
Emotion
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8
Q

What are the indications of severity in chronic asthma?

A

Restriction of activity
Inhaler use particularly as ‘relievers’
Peak flow readings daily

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9
Q

How is chronic asthma managed?

A

Step wise increase in medication

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10
Q

What is acute asthma defined by?

A

Sudden worsening of symptoms

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11
Q

What can make someones asthma unstable?

A

Recent infection

Poor compliance with medication

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12
Q

What should you do if you are treating an asthmatic patient?

A

Assess current symptoms

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13
Q

What should you do if you recognise someone symptoms as unstable?

A

Delay Tx and ref to GP

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14
Q

What are some side effects of inhaled medication?

A

Dry mouth
Oral candidiasis
Altered taste

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15
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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16
Q

How is COPD defined?

A

Airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible

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17
Q

Is COPD a sudden condition or a progressive one?

A

Progerssive

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18
Q

What is airway obstruction defined as?

A

FEV1/FVC

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19
Q

If the FEV is >80% predicted normal, when should a diagnosis of COPD be made?

A

Diagnosis should only be made in the presence of respiratory symptoms.

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20
Q

What are the main processes associated with COPD?

A

Emphysema

Bronchitis

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21
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Alveolar destruction - lower area for gas exchange

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22
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Airway inflammation - decreased ventilation

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?

A

Breathlessness linked to extortion
Wheeze - contant
Chronic cough and sputum production
Frequent infections

24
Q

What happens to the volume of mucous a COPD patient will produce when they have an infection?

A

It increases

25
Q

What investigations can be done in relation to COPD?

A

Pulmonary function tests

  • Lung function
  • Spirometry
26
Q

How is COPD managed?

A

Progressive addition of oral and inhaled therapies
Stop smoking
Exercise training
If severe, home O2 but not if smoking

27
Q

How is an acute exacerbation of COPD managed?

A

Increased inhalers
Steroids
Antibiotics

28
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Infection of the lung tissue that can be diffuse of affect lobes

29
Q

What is the causative agent in pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

30
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

A

Acute illness

  • Cough with green sputum
  • Breathlessnesss
  • Fever
  • Pleuritic chest pain
31
Q

How is pneumonia managed?

A

Antibiotics

Hospitalisation for O2, IV fluids and airway support

32
Q

When should you hospitalise a patient with pneumonia?

A

If their pulse is >100 bpm
Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min
BP - systolic = 2 seconds
O2 sats

33
Q

Where is CURB 65 useful?

A

Only in hospitals

34
Q

What is an pneumothorax?

A

Leak of air into pleural space

35
Q

What are the symptoms of a pneumothorax?

A

Sudden onset breathlessness

Chest pains

36
Q

What are the two susceptible groups in relation to pneumothorax?

A

Tall young people - especially if they smoke

Chronic lung disease patients

37
Q

How is a pneumothorax managed?

A

Get rid of the air

  • aspirate
  • chest drain
  • sometimes surgery
38
Q

What is sleep apnoea?

A

Collapse of upper airway during sleep

39
Q

What are the symptoms of sleep apnoea?

A 
Snoring
Day time sleepiness
Irritability
Head aches
Micro sleeps
40
Q

What are the risk factors for sleep apnoea?

A

Being over weight
Having a large neck
Sedative medication such as sleeping tablets
Unusual structure in the neck - large tonsils / small mandible
Smoking or drinking alcohol particularly before bed

41
Q

How is sleep apnoea managed?

A

Life style changed - losing weight, cutting down alcohol
CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure device with prevents airway closing while asleep
Wearing a mandibular advancement device that holds jaw and tongue forward

42
Q

What is interstitial lung disease?

A

Inflammation of lung tissues

43
Q

What can interstitial lung disease progress to?

A

Fibrosis - a restrictive lung defect

44
Q

What are the causes of interstitial lung disease?

A

Cryptogenic
Allergies
Direct damage
Auto immune

45
Q

What are the symptoms of interstitial lung disease?

A

Cough

Breathlessness

46
Q

How is interstitial lung disease managed?

A

Remove underlying cause

Suppression of immune system with steroids or other immunosuppressants

47
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic condition where the lungs and digestive system become clogged with stick mucus

48
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis in kids and in adults?

A 
Kids 
- Recurrent respiratory infections
- Malabsorption
- Pancreatic duct obstruction
- Bowel obstruction 
Adults
- Male infertility 
- Diabetes
- Osteoporosis
49
Q

How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?

A

Blood test done at birth

50
Q

How is cystic fibrosis managed?

A 
Prompt Tx of infections
Prophylactic AB cover
Nutrition
Physio
Heart / lung transplant
51
Q

What is a DVT?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

Clot formation in peripheral veins

52
Q

What is a PE?

A

Pulmonary embolism

Clot that forms in peripheral veins migrates to lungs

53
Q

What are the symptoms of a DVT?

A

Painful lower leg

Dilated veins, hot, red, swollen

54
Q

What are the symptoms of a PE?

A 
Pleuritic chest pain
Breathlessness
Haemoptysis
Collapse
Sudden death
55
Q

How are DVT and PE diagnosed?

A 
DVT = Ultrasound 
PE = Chest CT, pulmonary angiogram
56
Q

How are DVTs and PEs managed?

A

Anticoagulants

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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