Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
Name 4 types of vascular disease
Ischemic heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Reno vascular disease
What is the basic cause of cardiovascular disease
Accumulation of lipid rich ‘plaques’ on arterial walls
What does cardiovascular disease result from
Progressive narrowing of blood vessels
Plaque rupture resulting in thrombus formation
What is ischaemia
Reduction in blood supply
What is infarction
Occlusion of blood supply
What are the Big 5 in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors
Smoking High cholesterol High BP Diabetes Genes
How is high cholesterol achieved
Diet high in sugars and fats
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
How is high cholesterol managed
Diet modifications
Drugs - Statins
How is BP written
Systolic/Diastolic
What is systolic and diastolic
Systolic = Heart pumping Diastolic = Heart relaxing
When would a BP be considered high
If systolic is >160 or diastolic >90
What is high BP related to
Obesity
Alcohol
High salt diet
Genetics
Is high BP symptomatic
Not unless it is extremely high
What is the normal BP
120/80
What drugs are used to treat high BP
Beta blockers - propranolol Diuretics - Bendroflumethazide ACE inhibitors - Ramiprill Angiotensin II antagonists - Valsartan Calcium channel blockers - Amlodipine
What is atherosclerosis
Deposition of fatty materials on the inner walls of arteries
What are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease
Chronic = Intermittent claudication (leg pain) Acute = Pain at rest, pain cold numb limb with no sensation
How is peripheral vascular disease managed
Risk factor modifications
Exercise programmes
Surgery = By-pass // stents
What is abdominal aortic aneurysm
Damage to vessel walls from atherosclerosis
What are the symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm
Vague abdominal pain
Acutely - Collapse, severe abdominal pain
What are the clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease
Angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Heart failure
Arrhythmias
What is the definition on angina
Narrowing of coronary arteries
What are some symptoms of angina
Central chest pains
Pains in left arm
Jaw, back and upper abdomen pain
Heaviness or breathlessness often related to effort
What are signs that someones angina is unstable
Angina at rest
Unpredictable onset
Increasing frequency or reducing amount of exertion to a minimum
What investigations can be done for ischaemic heart disease
Electrocardiogram ECG
Exercise testing
Radiological investigations
Coronary angiography
How is ischaemic heart disease managed
Life style modifications
Mange underlying medical conditions
Medical/drug treatment
Surgical management
What two conditions come under acute coronary syndrome
MI
Unstable angina
What does PCI stand for
Percutaneous coronary intervention
What are the symptoms of a heart attack
Same as angina but more severe Sweating Nausea Light headedness Feeling of imminent death Cardiac arrest Sudden loss of consciousness
How an acute coronary syndrome managed
Hospitalisation
What are the causes for heart failure
Ischaemic heart disease Hypertension Valvular heart disease Alcohol excess Numerous other rare causes
What will heart failure result in
Fluid accumulation
Is heart failure gradual or sudden
Gradual
What medications may be used for heart failue
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptors antagonists
Beta blockers
What does the amount of meds a patient is taking for the same condition indicate
The severity of the condition
What are the treatment options for heart failure
Valve replacement if valvular disease
Transplant
Pacemaker
What drugs should be avoided with heart failure patients
NSAIDs
What side of the heart is most commonly effected by valvular disease
Left side
What is infective endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart - valves
What is meant by regurgitation of a heart valve
Valve becomes floppy and leaky
What is meant by stenosis of a heart valve
Valve becomes too tight and becomes smaller
What is the treatment options for valvular disease
Medication to treat heart failure
Valve replacement
What two materials can valves be made out of
Porcine and metal
What is the INR for metal valves usually
> 3
What does having a replaced valve lead to an increased risk of
Infective endocarditis
What is infective endocarditis due to
Bacteraemia
- Strep viridian’s
- Strep Faecalis
- Strep Aureus
What investigations can be done to determine if a pt is suffering infective endocarditis
Blood culture - every time a pts temp goes up they have 75ml blood taken and sent to labs to see if they have any bacteria in the blood
Should patients with replacement valves be given antibiotic cover
No
What is the sinus rhythm
Normal cardiac rhythm
What is an arrhythmia
Abnormal cardiac rhythm
What rate is considered too slow / too fast
Too slow 100 / min
What are the symptoms on arrhythmia
Palpitations
Chest pains
Heart failure
Syncope
What is the most common arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation
How is atrial fibrillation controlled
With drugs
What does atrial fibrillation increase the risk of
Stroke
What is trachyarrhythmias
Fast heart rate
What is supra ventricular tachycardia
Abnormal heart rate, >100 bpm
What is wolf parkinson white syndrome
Type of supra ventricular trachycariida
What are the symptoms on supra ventricular tachycardia
Palpitations
Chest pains
Breathlessness
What treatments can be done when suffering supra ventricular tachycardia
Vagal manoeuvres
Carotid sinus massage
Drugs - beta blockers
At what rate would a heart rate be considered as bradycardia
What are the causes of bradycardia
Age
Ischaemia
Drugs
Physiological - athletes
What is the treatment for bradycardia
Remove cause - often drugs
May require pace maker
What is ventricular arrhythmias
Abnormal conduction = always a medical emergency
What are the two types of ventricular arrhythmias
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
