Haematology Flashcards
What are 2 types of lymphoma
Hodgkins
Non-hodgkins
Who does Hodgkins lymphoma mainly affect and how does it present
Young adults
Lymphadenopathy
Who does Non-hodgkins lymphoma mainly affect and how does it present
Older adults
Lymphanenopathy
What is the prognosis for Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins
Hodgkins = 5 year survial 80% Non-hodgkins = 5 year survival 50%
What are some treatment options for haematological malignancies
Supportive treatment = transfusion/infection management Chemotheraphy Radiotherapy Bone marrow transplant Novel therapies
What are the primary presentations of Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins dentally
Atypical infections
Bleeding
Lymphadenopathy
Gum infiltrations
What happens at the site of bleeding
Vessel is injured
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation -> clot formation
Coagulation cascae -> clot formation
What could be deficient if a patient has platelet problems
Folate or B12
If there is a problem with platelet formation, where does the problem arise
Bone marrow
What is auto immune thrombocytopaenia
Destruction of platelets
What is a common problem effecting platelet aggregation
Function can be impaired due to medical therapies
What can cause generalised deficiencies that effect the coagulation cascade problems
Liver disease
Severe malnutrition
What are congenital and drug specific deficiencies effecting the coagulation cascade
Congenital = Haemophilia / Von willerbrands disease Drugs = Warfarin and heparin
What is haemophilia
x-linked genetic disorder effecting males
Absent/low clotting factor
What is Von willerbrands disease
Autosomal condition effecting males and females
Factor VIII function problem
What is warfarin and what does it do
Commonly prescribed oral anti coagulant
Interferes with clotting activity
What is heparin
Injectable anti coagulant
What are some manifestations on bleeding problems
GI tract = vomiting, blood in stool, rectal bleeding
Excess menstrual bleeding
Urinary tract bleeding
What should you do if you suspect an undiagnosed bleeding disorder
Do not do any treatment and ref pt to GMP or hospital
What is the functions of blood
Transport o2, nutrients, hormones and waste
What is blood composed of
Plasma and cells
Name 6 things contained in plasma
Proteins Lipids Nutrients Hormones Electrolytes Water
What is o2 and co2 transported via within blood
Haemoglobin
What does haemoglobin reflect
The quantity and quality of RBCs
What does lack of haemoglobin result it
Anaemia
If the mean cell volume of a red blood cell is too large/too small what are they called
Too large = macrocytic
Too small = microcytic
What does microcytic RBCs have insufficient
Iron
If you have too many/ too little WBCs what is it called
Too many = Leukocytosis
Too little = Leukopenia
What type of cells are neutrophils and lymphocytes
WBCs
If you have too many/too little platelets what is it called
Too many = thrombocythaemia
Too little = Thrombocytopaenia
What is neutrophillia
High number of neutrophils in the blood
What happens to the edges of RBCs if someone has malaria
They become rough
What coagulation test looks at the intrinsic / extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic = Activated thromboplastin time Extrinsic = Prothrombin time
What are three causes of anaemia
Lack of raw materials
Production problem
Longevity problem
What raw materials are needed for RBC production
Iron, Vitamin B12, Folate
What is ‘lack of raw materials’ induced anaemia likely to occur
Pregnancy - When in higher demand
What is the cause of pernicious anaemia
Lack of Vitamin B12
When would there be a lack of erythropoietin
Renal failure
What type of anaemia does ‘bone marrow failure’ result in
Aplastic anaemia
What is the most common cause of anaemia
Extreme blood loss
What is haemolysis
Destruction if RBCs in circulation
What types of anaemia are microcytic, microcytic and normocytic cells associated with
Microcytic = Iron deficiency Macrocytic = Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency or auto immune Normocytic = Bone marrow failure or Renal failure
What are the symptoms of anaemia
Weakness Tiredness Breathlessness Dizziness Palpitations
What are the signs on anaemia
Pale
Rapid pulse
May be oral features depending on type of anaemia
How is anaemia managed
Establishing type of anaemia Establishing the cause Replace what is missing - e.g. Vitamin B12 If severe blood transfusion Address underlying cause
Are WBC disorders common
No
What is the most common WBC disorder
Neutropenia
What is a clinical feature of neutropenia
Infections - particularly throat and mouth
Should invasive Tx be avoided on pts who suffer from neutropenia
Yes
What are the majority of haematological malignancies due to
Uncontrolled proliferation of white cells
What is leukaemia the results of
Proliferation of immature cells in blood and bone marrow
What is lymphoma the result of
Proliferation of cells within lymphoreticular systems
What are the two forms of leukaemia
Acute and chronic
What is the most common malignancy in children
Leukaemia
What are the presentations of acute leukaemia
Marrow failure
Lymphadenopathy
Soft tissue infiltration
What is the 5 year survival rate for acute leukaemia
50%
Can chronic leukaemia become acute
Yes
What are the presentations of chronic leukaemia
Anaemia
Lymphadenopathy
