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Respiratory - Week 3 > Respiratory: - Lecture 9 - Respiratory tract infection > Flashcards

Respiratory: - Lecture 9 - Respiratory tract infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is Coryza?

A

General cold like symptoms

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2
Q

What is Pharyngitis?

A

Sore Throat

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3
Q

What is Sinusitis?

A

Also known as rhinosinusitis - It is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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4
Q

What is Epiglottitis?

A

Epiglottitis is an inflammation of the epiglottis — the flap at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea (windpipe)

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5
Q

What range of conditions that affect the upper respiratory tract caused by infections? ?

A

Coryza Pharyngitis Sinusitis Epiglottitis

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6
Q

What are the range of conditions that affect the lower respiratory tract caused by infections?

A

Acute Bronchitis Acute Exacerbation of chronic bronchitis Pneumonia Influenza

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7
Q

What causes Coryza?

A

Acute viral infection of the nasal passage

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8
Q

What are the symptom of a common cold?

A

Sore throat Mild fever

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9
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

Droplets and fomites (substance capable of carrying infection)

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10
Q

What are common complications of the common cold?

A

Sinusitis Acute Bronchitis

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11
Q

What viruses generally cause the common cold?

A

Adenovirus Rhinovirus Respiratory Syncytial virus (In children)

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12
Q

What virus causes Bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

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13
Q

What is Acute sinusitis usually preceeded by?

A

A common cold

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14
Q

What is the treatment of Acute Sinusitis?

A

Purulent Nasal Discharge - May include blood Sinus pain

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15
Q

When do patients get antibiotics for Acute Sinusitis?

A

After 10 days of purulent nasal discharge. - Fear of secondary infection

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16
Q

What antibiotic is used to treat secondary infections in the nasal cavity/upper respiratory tract?

A

Doxycycline Clarithromycin - Due to good penetration.

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17
Q

What is a tonsillar abscess called?

A

Quinsy

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18
Q

What is treatment of Quinsy?

A

Incision

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19
Q

What is Diphtheria?

A

Bacteria infection. Characterised by a Pseudo-Membrane formation - preventing the person from breathing. Can cause sepsis and septic shock.

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20
Q

What is Acute Epiglottis?

A

Enlargement of the Pharynx Causes Stridor Commonly known as Croup

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21
Q

What is Acute Bronchitis?

A

“The cold which goes to the chest”

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22
Q

Symptoms of acute bronchitis?

A

Productive cough Fever – minority of cases Normal chest examination Normal chest X-ray May have a transient wheeze

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23
Q

What causes Crepitus in the lung?

A

Consolidation

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24
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Infection of the bronchi. Can get tracheitis

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25
Q

What is infection of the parenchyma?

A

Pneumonia

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26
Q

How is acute bronchitis treated?

A

No Antibiotics. Fluids Paracetamol

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27
Q

Patients with co-morbidities and acute bronchitis how are they treated?

A

Generally with antibiotics - Fear of secondary infections.

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28
Q

How long does it take for Rhinovirus to manifest symptoms?

A

1-5 days

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29
Q

How long does it take for Streptococci A to manifest symptoms?

30
Q

What is the commonest cause of tonsillitis fasciitus?

A

Group A Streptococci

31
Q

How long does it take for Parainfluenza virus to manifest symptoms?

32
Q

How long does it take for RSV virus to manifest symptoms?

33
Q

How long does it take for Whooping cough virus to manifest symptoms?

A

A week to three weeks

34
Q

How long does it take for Diphtheria virus to manifest symptoms?

35
Q

How long does it take for Epstein Barr virus to manifest symptoms?

A

4 - 6 weeks.

36
Q

What do you see in bronchoscope in the airways of a COPD patient?

A

“Pits” in the airway

37
Q

What happens to the cilia cells in COPD?

A

Stop wafting

38
Q

What are the symptoms of an exacerbation of COPD?

A

Increased sputum volume increased sputum purulence Fevers Sweats More Wheeze More Breathless Cyanosed Oedema of the ankles Heart failure

39
Q

What is an indication of bacteria infection?

A

Green sputum

40
Q

What antibiotics are given should the sputum turn green?

A

Doxycycline Amoxicillin

41
Q

What other treatments other than antibiotics may a patient require in a secondary infection and exacerbation of COPD?

A

Acute course of steroids Bronchodilators Antibiotics

42
Q

How do you treat Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis?

A

Antibiotic. e.g. doxycycline or amoxicillin Bronchodilator inhalers Short course of steroids in some cases

43
Q

What do you find on examination of Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis?

A

Breathless Wheeze Coarse crackles May be cyanosed In advanced disease – ankle oedema

44
Q

What tests do you do for Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

A

Measure arterial blood gases CXR to look for other diseases Give oxygen if has respiratory failure

45
Q

What is depicted in this picture?

A

Right Upper Lobe Pnemonia

46
Q

What are the symptoms of Pneumonia?

A

§Malaise
§Anorexia
§Sweats
§Rigors
§Myalgia
§Arthralgia
§Headache
§Confusion

§Cough
§Pleurisy
§Haemoptysis
§Dyspnoea
§Preceding URTI
§Abdominal pain
§Diarrhoea

47
Q

What is the survival rate of Pneumonia?

A

5-10% from Pneumococcal

30% if Bacteraemic (bacteria in the blood stream)

48
Q

Describe the appearance of lung consolodation from Pneumonia?

A

Red Hepatisatisation

49
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Lobar Pneumonia lung Biopsy

  • Filled with inflammatory cells. This should just be air
50
Q

What does Malaise mean?

51
Q

What does Anorexia mean?

A

Not eating

52
Q

What is Rigors?

A

Uncontrolable shaking

53
Q

What is Myalgia?

A

Muscle pains

54
Q

What is Artharalgia?

A

Joint ache

55
Q

How is Pneumonia investigated ?

A
  • Blood culture
  • Serology
  • Full blood count
  • Arterial gases
  • Liver funciton
  • Chest X ray
  • Urea
56
Q

What are the pathogens in Pneumonia?

A
  • Strep pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
  • H. influenzae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Influenza
  • Chicken pox – in adult smokers
  • Legionella
  • Coxiella burnetti
  • Chlamydia psittaci
57
Q

What is the CURB 65 severity score for pneumonia?

A

System used to detect how severe the pneumoia is - Each level gains another point

  • C New onset of confusion
  • U Urea >7
  • R Respiratory rate >30/min
  • B Blood pressure
  • Systolic <90 OR Diastolic <61
  • 65 age 65 years or older
    *
58
Q

What is Pleurisy?

A

Inflammation of the pleura

59
Q

What are red flags for pneumonia?

A
  • Temperature < 35 or > 40
  • Cyanosis PaO2 < 8 kPa
  • WBC < 4 or > 30
  • Multi-lobar involvement
60
Q

How is Pneumonia treated?

A

Antibiotics

  • *Amoicillin *
  • *Doxycycline *

Oxygen

Fluids

Bed rest

No smoking

62
Q

What are the complications of Pneumonia?

A
  • Respiratory Failure
  • Pleural Effusion
  • Empyema (collection of pus)
  • Death
63
Q

What are the types of Pnemonia ?

A

Hospital Acquire Pneumona - needed extend gram negative cover

Aspiration Pneumona - Need anaerobic cover

Legionella - Chest symptoms may be absent, GI disturbance is common

64
Q

What is Pandemic flu ?

A

Large number of cases with rapid spread in a population with minimal immunity

65
Q

What is seasonal flu?

A

Small numbers of cases amoungst a population with background immunity

66
Q

What are the clinical features of flu?

A
  • Incubation 1-4 days
  • Abrupt onset fever, chills, headache, sore throat, myalgia, malaise, anorexia, dry cough
  • Clear nasal discharge
  • Signs of complications
  • In bed for 3-4 days. Then 5-6 days recovery
  • Back to work within two weeks
68
Q

What are complications of influenza?

A
  • Primary Viral Pneumonia
  • Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia
  • Myositis skeletal/cardiac (Inflammation of muscle)
  • Encephalitis
  • Depression
69
Q

What Anti-viral drugs can be used for influenza?

A

Zanamavir

Oseltamivir

70
Q

What are the benefits of oseltamivir?

A
  • Reduced duration of symtpoms by one day
  • Reduced use of antibiotics
  • No data on Mortality

Respiratory - Week 3 (10 decks)

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