Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory - Week 3 > Respiratory: - Lecture 1. Clinical aspects of Bronchial Carcinoma. > Flashcards

Respiratory: - Lecture 1. Clinical aspects of Bronchial Carcinoma. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general features of Cancer?

A 
Maligant Growth 
Uncontrolled replication 
Local invasion 
Metastasis 
Non-Metastatic Systemic effect.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can Metastasis spread?

A

Lymphatic spread
Blood stream
Serous Cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes systemic effects from a cancer?

A

Tumour cells are biologically active molecules
Tumours can mimic the effects of naturally occurring hormones.

-These are called Paraneoplastic features.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of lung cancer is incurable?

A

90% incurable at time of diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe what a lung cancer presentation may consist of?

A

A formation of a primary tumour

Local invasion of other tissues

Metastases/ Non-Metastatic

Paraneoplastic effects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the split between the bronchi called?

A

The Carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What type of cell lines the bronchial mucosa?

A

Cilliated epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Haemoptysis?

A

Coughing up of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does Haemoptysis form/occur?

A

The tumour forms a haemorrhage of the mucosa/tissue of the bronchial tract. This then ulcerates through the surface - causing bleeding.

Haemoptysis is a direct consequence of the primary tumour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Stridor?

A

Stridor is a distressing symptom of difficulty breathing in. Rather like having a rope gradually tightened round your neck. It is usually accompanied by a coarse audible wheeze during inspiration. Almost all other forms of airways disease (asthma & COPD) produce an Expiratory wheeze and symptoms of difficulty breathing out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If a tumour is on the carina of the bronchi, what could be affected by local invasion of the tumour?

A 
Pericardium 
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Oesophagus
Pleural Cavity 
Brachial plexus
Superior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If a tumour has invaded the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve what symptom will there be??

A

Hoarse Voice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What symptoms are there, if there is local invasion of the pericardium by a tumour?

A

Breathlessness
Artial Fibrillation
Percardial effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What symptoms are there, if there is local invasion the Oesophagus by a tumour?

A

Dysphagia (Not being able to swallow, or keep food down)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Pancoast? And what are its symptoms?

A

This is tumour in the pulmonary apex.

Can cause weakness in hands/limbs, by eroding the T1 root and into the brachial plexus.

Chest pain not always a symptom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a Pleural effusion?

A

Generation of a large amount of pleural fluid. This causes a lung collapse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a presenting symptom of pleural effusion?

A

Breathlessness.

18
Q

What could a distended external jugular vein be a symptom of?

A

Local invasion of the superior vena cava (SVC) obstructs drainage of blood from the arms and head.

19
Q

What are the other symptoms if there is a distended external jugular vein?

A

Puffy eyelids
Headache
Superfical veins standing upright
Anastamoses to inferior vena cava - (distended veins are visible on the abdomen and thorax)

20
Q

How could a distended external jugular and its other symptoms be palliated?

A

Insertion of a stint.

21
Q

What are common sites of metastases for a primary lung cancer?

A 
Liver
Brain
Bone
Adrenal
Skin
Lung
22
Q

What does insidious onset mean?

A

Effeacts that gradually come on.

23
Q

What are the symptoms of a cerebral metastases?

A

Weakness
Visual disturbance
Headaches - Worse in morning, not Photophobic
Fits.

24
Q

In a cerebral metastases there is a lot of oedematous brain tissue. How is treated?

A

High dose corticosteroid therapy removes the odema. This however is shortlived and therapeutic effect does not last long.

25
Q

In Liver Metastases from a primary lung tumour what can become obstructed and cause presentation of obstructive jaundice?

A

Obstruction of the biliary drainage.

26
Q

What tests are abnormal if there is a liver metastasis?

A

Alkaline Phosphatase test

Liver function tests

27
Q

What are the common presentations of a bone metastases?

A

Localising pain - worse at night

Pathological fracture

28
Q

What scan can be done to detect a bone metastases?

A

Isotope bone scan

29
Q

What are symptoms that result from the effects of biochemically active products from the primary tumour?

A 
Finger clubbing
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy - HPOA
Weight loss
Thrombophlebitis
Hypercalcaemia
Hyponatraemia - SIADH
Weakness - Eaton Lambert syndrome
30
Q

What causes Hypercalcaemia?

A

Hypercalcaemia can result from the tumour producing a substance which mimics the effects of parathyroid hormone.

31
Q

What is Hypercalcaemia and its symptoms?

A

Elevated Calcium level in the blood.

Headaches, confusion, thirst and constipation are features of hypercalcaemia.

32
Q

What is Hyponatraemia?

A

Low levels of sodium in the body.

33
Q

What causes Hyonatraemia?

A

Hyponatraemia may result from production of a substance which mimics Anti Diuretic Hormone.

34
Q

What is Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy?

A

Elevation of the periostium away from the bone surface.

- cause by metastasis

35
Q

What is Thrombophlebitis?

A

Red lines along were veins are.

Caused by increased coagulability of blood in cancer.

36
Q

What to ask in a history for lung cancer?

A 
Cough
Haemoptysis
Cigarette smoker
Breathless
Weight loss
Chest wall pain
Tiredness
Recurrent infection
37
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A 
Finger clubbing
Breathless
Cough
Weight loss
Bloated face
Hoarse voice
Lymphadenopathy
Tracheal deviation
Dull percussion
Stridor
Enlarged liver
38
Q

How do you make a tissue diagnosis for lung cancer?

A

Bronchoscopy
CT guided biopsy
Lymph node aspirate
Aspiration of pleural fluid

39
Q

What is an endobronchail ultrasound?

A

Bronchoscope with ultrasound tip
Enables visualisation of hilar and mediastinal structures
Target and sample lymph nodes
Day case procedure that can replace Mediastinoscopy

40
Q

What is PET scan?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Scan to asses function rather than structure
Analysis of tissue uptake of radiolabelled glucose
Tissues with high metabolic activity “light up”

Respiratory - Week 3 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions