Respiratory Infections Flashcards
Where are the ethmoid sinuses located?
Bilaterally to the nose (they’re small)
What is the definition of the Lower respiratory tract?
Structures below the pharynx
What are the spinal levels that correlate with the larynx?
C4-C7
What is the order of the respiratory tract after the trachea? (8)
Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Tertiary Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
What is the rib level that the lungs are at anteriorly?
rib 6 ish
What is the rib level that the lungs are at laterally?
rib 8 ish
What is the rib level that the lungs are at posteriorly?
10 ish
What are the histological characteristics of blastomycosis?
Broad based budding yeast
Where is blastomycosis endemic to?
Wooded areas, especially in the great white north of Minnesota
Rusty sputum = ?
Strep pneumo infection
What are the two bacteria that often cause respiratory dz in COPD pts?
H. influenzae
Pseudomonas
What type of bacteria often cause aspiration pneumonia?
Gram-negative enteric pathogens
Bird/bat droppings causing respiratory illness = (fungi)?
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
Exposure to birds causing lung dz = (bacteria)?
Chlamydophila psittaci
Exposure to rabbits causing respiratory dz = (bacteria)?
Francisella Tularensis
Exposure to farm animal placenta or parturient cats causing respiratory illness and fever = (bacteria)?
Coxiella burnetti (Q fever)
What is the stain used to identify pneumocystis Jirovecii? What is the treatment?
Silver stain
TMP-SMX
What bacteria is associated with causing respiratory disease in hotels or cruise ships?
Legionella species
What is the fungi that cause valley fever? What are the histological characteristics of this?
Coccidioidomycosis
Spherules
What are the two bacteria often associated with respiratory disease i in CF patients?
Pseudomonas
Staph Aureus
What is the depth that is assessed with percussion of the chest?
5-7 cm beneath the fingers
What are the characteristics of bronchial breath sounds?
Harsh and high pitched
What are the characteristics of vesicular breath sounds?
Soft and low pitched
Where are broncho-vesicular breath sounds normally heard?
Over the sternal angle
Which is longer with vesicular breath sounds: inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
Which is longer with bronchial breath sounds: inspiration or expiration?
Expiration
Which is longer with bronchovesicular breath sounds: inspiration or expiration?
Equal
When in the breathing cycle are crackles usually heard: inspiration or expiration?
Inspiration
Inspiratory wheezing indicated an obstruction where?
Upper airway
Expiratory wheezing indicates an obstruction where?
Lower airway
What are the urine antigen tests that are available for assessing for a pulmonary tract infection?
Strep pneumo
Legionella
Histo
Blasto
What is the difference between a lung abscess and an empyema?
Abscesses are within the lung parenchyma
Empyemas are in the pleural space
What are the two alpha hemolytic bacteria? How you you differentiate between them?
Strep pneumo vs strep viridans
Strep pneumo is sensitive to optochin, whereas strep viridans is resistant
(strep mutans = strep viridans, and is not afraid of “da-chin
[optochin])
What are the two bacteria that are beta hemolytic? How you you differentiate between them?
Strep pyogenes and strep agalactiae
Strep pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive
What are the four major gram positive rods?
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Bacillus
What is the culture that is used to grow TB?
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
How are TB skin tests read?
Area of induration on the axis perpendicular to the axis of the forearm
What is IGRA?
IFN gamma release assay (quantiferon gold test)
What is the role of procalcitonin in helping you diagnose infections?
Will be high in bacterial infections
What is Wegener’s granulomatosis? What organs are primarily affected? What, generally, is the treatment? What ab is elevated in this condition?
a systemic disorder that involves both granulomatosis and polyangiitis. It is a form of vasculitis that affects small- and medium-size vessels in many organs. Damage to the lungs and kidneys can be fatal. It requires long-term immunosuppression.
cANCA
What is Churg-Strauss syndrome? What is the progression of ssx? What, generally, is the treatment? What ab is elevated in this condition?
Autoimmune vasculitis that presents in people with atopy. progresses from asthma to hypereosinophilia, to lung and kidney damage. Treat with immunosuppression.
pANCA
What pathogen, generally, is the most common cause of sinusitis?
Viral
What defines, acute vs chronic sinusitis?
Less than 4 weeks = acute
More than 12 weeks = chronic
What are the most common infectious etiologies of bronchitis?
Rhinovirus
Parainfluenza
Flu
RSV
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: MRSA
Contact
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: influenza
Droplet
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: pertussis
Droplet
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: TB
Airborne
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: adenovirus
Droplet
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: zoster
Airborne
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: SARS
Airborne
Contact, droplet, or airborne precautions: smallpox
Airborne
