respiratory infection LOWER RESP INF

Question 1

respiratory tract infections indicate what 3 possibilities

Answer 1

1. defect in the host defenses
2. exposure to virulent microorganism
3. overwhelming inoculum (of less virulent bugs)

Question 2

what are the two major respiratory tract defense mechanisms

Answer 2

humoral immunity

cell mediated immunity

Question 3

what are 3 examples of cell-mediated immunities

Answer 3

1. alveolar macrophages
2. PMNs
3. T lymphocytes

Question 4

what re 3 examples of humoral immunities

Answer 4

1. B lymphocytes
2. IgG antibodies
3. complement

Question 5

what is the most common way by which lower airways become infected

Answer 5

aspiration of upper airway resident flora

Question 6

what is the second most common way that lower airways become infected

Answer 6

inhalation of aerosolized material (mycoplasma, anaerobes…)

Question 7

embolic staphylococcal pneumonia in IVDA with tricuspid endocarditis is an example of what

Answer 7

hematogenous seeding

Question 8

what is the way airways get infected where infection spreads across diaphragm into pleural space and lung

Answer 8

contiguous spread

Question 9

what are two examples of reactivation of an airway infection

Answer 9

1. TB

2. fungal pneumonias

Question 10

what is the most common cause of acute bronchitis

Answer 10

viral infections

Question 11

what are the clinical features of acute bronchitis

Answer 11

1. cough (most common symptom)
2. fever (very uncommon)
   - combo of cough and fever usually indicates something that is not bronchitis

Question 12

how is bronchitis treated

Answer 12

1. NSAID and Tylenol
2. ipratropium
3. nasal decongestants

Question 13

what is not effective when treating acute bronchitis

Answer 13

beta-2-agonists and antibiotics

Question 14

what is the most common reason that antibiotics are prescribed

Answer 14

acute bronchitis (even though no proven benefit)