Respiratory Immunology

Question 1

What does SPUR stand for in immune deficiency?

Answer 1

S = Serious
P = persistent
U = Unusual
R = Recurrent
...Infections

Question 2

What is a phagocyte deficiency?

Answer 2

A failure to produce neutrophils

Question 3

What does a leukocyte adhesion deficiency mean for a patient?

Answer 3

Phagocytes are unable to recognise endothelial adhesion molecules

Question 4

What is chronic granulomatous disease?

Answer 4

Failure of oxidative killing mechanisms (inability to clear organsisms therefore granulomas are formed)

Question 5

What is reticular dysgenesis?

Answer 5

Failure to produce any immune functioning cells

Question 6

What is severe combined immunodeficiency?

Answer 6

Failure of lymphocyte production

Question 7

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 7

Immediate hypersensitivity e.g. allergic diseases (IgE mediated)

Question 8

What type of cell starts of the inflammatory cascade in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 8

Mast cells (produce histamine + cytokines)

Question 9

Give an example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction:

Answer 9

Extrinsic (allergic) asthma

Question 10

What is Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 10

Direct Cell Killing

Question 11

What happens in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 11

Antibody binds to the cell surface antigen + activates complement, resulting in cell lysis and opsonisation.

Question 12

Give an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction:

Answer 12

Blood transfusion reactions (ABO reactions)

Question 13

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 13

Immune complex mediated

Question 14

What happens in type III hypersensitivity reactions?

Answer 14

Immune complexes are formed and deposited in small vessels, then activating complement, and attracting infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils

Question 15

Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction:

Answer 15

Farmer’s Lung

Question 16

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 16

Delayed type hypersensitivity (T cell mediated)

Question 17

What happens in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 17

Subsequent exposure to an antigen activates previously primed T cells

Question 18

Give an example of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction:

Answer 18

Sarcoidosis

Question 19

Which immunoglobulin do memory cells hasten the response time of?

Answer 19

IgG

Question 20

How does an active vaccination work?

Answer 20

Stimulates an immune response to an antigen through the same pathways as natural infection

Question 21

Which antibodies are transferred from mother to child?

Answer 21

IgG

IgA

Question 22

What does HLA stand for?

Answer 22

Human leukocyte antigen

Question 23

In what situation is HLA matching essential?

Answer 23

Organ transplants

Question 24

What is hyperacute rejection?

Answer 24

Rapid destruction of a graft within minutes-hours

Question 25

What happens in vascular rejection?

Answer 25

B cells are activated and produce antibody against graft antogens

Question 26

What is chronic allograft rejection?

Answer 26

Cellular proliferation of smooth muscle of vessel walls, occlusion of vessel lumens, interstitial fibrosis and scarring is common.