Respiratory Immunology Flashcards
What does SPUR stand for in immune deficiency?
S = Serious P = persistent U = Unusual R = Recurrent ...Infections
What is a phagocyte deficiency?
A failure to produce neutrophils
What does a leukocyte adhesion deficiency mean for a patient?
Phagocytes are unable to recognise endothelial adhesion molecules
What is chronic granulomatous disease?
Failure of oxidative killing mechanisms (inability to clear organsisms therefore granulomas are formed)
What is reticular dysgenesis?
Failure to produce any immune functioning cells
What is severe combined immunodeficiency?
Failure of lymphocyte production
What is Type I hypersensitivity?
Immediate hypersensitivity e.g. allergic diseases (IgE mediated)
What type of cell starts of the inflammatory cascade in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
Mast cells (produce histamine + cytokines)
Give an example of a Type I hypersensitivity reaction:
Extrinsic (allergic) asthma
What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Direct Cell Killing
What happens in Type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Antibody binds to the cell surface antigen + activates complement, resulting in cell lysis and opsonisation.
Give an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction:
Blood transfusion reactions (ABO reactions)
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex mediated
What happens in type III hypersensitivity reactions?
Immune complexes are formed and deposited in small vessels, then activating complement, and attracting infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils
Give an example of a type III hypersensitivity reaction:
Farmer’s Lung
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed type hypersensitivity (T cell mediated)
What happens in a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
Subsequent exposure to an antigen activates previously primed T cells
Give an example of a type IV hypersensitivity reaction:
Sarcoidosis
Which immunoglobulin do memory cells hasten the response time of?
IgG
How does an active vaccination work?
Stimulates an immune response to an antigen through the same pathways as natural infection
Which antibodies are transferred from mother to child?
IgG
IgA
What does HLA stand for?
Human leukocyte antigen
In what situation is HLA matching essential?
Organ transplants
What is hyperacute rejection?
Rapid destruction of a graft within minutes-hours
What happens in vascular rejection?
B cells are activated and produce antibody against graft antogens
What is chronic allograft rejection?
Cellular proliferation of smooth muscle of vessel walls, occlusion of vessel lumens, interstitial fibrosis and scarring is common.
