Immunology

Question 1

What are antibodies also known as?

Answer 1

Immunoglobulins

Question 2

What are immunoglobulins produced by?

Answer 2

B lymphocytes

Question 3

What are the 5 classes of antibody?

Answer 3

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

Question 4

What is the most abundant antibody in the blood?

Answer 4

IgG

Question 5

Which antibody has a dimeric form?

Answer 5

IgA

Question 6

What is the 1st type of antibody produced during an immune response?

Answer 6

IgM

Question 7

Which is the least well characterised immunoglobulin

Answer 7

IgD

Question 8

Which antibody is produced in response to allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

Answer 8

IgE

Question 9

What are cytokines?

Answer 9

A diverse collection of small proteins and peptides produced in response to antigens, inflammation or tissue damage

Question 10

Give 3 examples of cytokines:

Answer 10

Interferons
TNF
Chemokines

Question 11

What is the complement system?

Answer 11

A family of 30 proteins which are produced by the liver in response to inflammatory signals from infected tissues

Question 12

Where and why are Acute Phase Proteins produced?

Answer 12

In the liver (hepatocytes)

In response to inflammatory signals

Question 13

Give one example of an acute phase protein:

Answer 13

CRP

Question 14

What is the function of natural killer cells?

Answer 14

Detection and killing of abnormal body cells

Question 15

Are NK cells part of the adaptive or innate immune system?

Answer 15

Innate

Question 16

Where do T and B cells originate from?

Answer 16

Bone marrow

Question 17

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 17

Bone marrow

Question 18

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 18

Thymus

Question 19

What activates T and B cells?

Answer 19

Antigens

Question 20

Which cells express humoral immunity? (T or B)

Answer 20

B cells

Question 21

Which cells express cell-mediated immunity (T or B)

Answer 21

T cells

Question 22

What do B cells do?

Answer 22

Produce antigen-specific antibodies

Question 23

What do CD4+ T cells do?

Answer 23

Have a role in cytokine production

Question 24

What do CD8+ T cells do?

Answer 24

Kill virally infected cells (also cancer cells)

Question 25

What are neutrophils?

Answer 25

Phagocytic WBCs which contain neutrophil granules in their cytoplasm.

Question 26

What are mast cells?

Answer 26

Sentinel cells which express toll-like receptors and store cytokines in granules.

Question 27

What are monocytes(macrophages)?

Answer 27

Phagocytic cells which also express toll-like receptors which when activated can act on vascular endothelial cells via the cytokines produced

Question 28

What are Dendritic cells?

Answer 28

Antigen-presenting cells which serve as the link between the innate and adaptive immune systems

Question 29

What are eosinophils?

Answer 29

Similar to neutrophils but have a great amount of substances stored in their granules.

Question 30

What are basophils?

Answer 30

Similar to mast cells in structure and function and also play an important role in inflammatory rections

Question 31

Which is the 1st type of immune cell to respond to a site of infection?

Answer 31

Neutrophil

Question 32

How do neutrophils kill organisms?

Answer 32

Toxic oxygen products followed by enzymatic digestion

Question 33

What do mast cells have surface receptors for?

Answer 33

IgE, C3a and C5a

Question 34

Which mediators do mast cells produce?

Answer 34

histamine, leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor and some interleukins

Question 35

How do mast cells produce a local allergic response?

Answer 35

They release their chemical mediators into the surrounding tissues causing:
increased permeability of blood vessels
Contraction of smooth muscles
Increased mucous production

Question 36

What happens when macrophages are stimulated by glucocorticoids?

Answer 36

They secrete a potent anti-inflammatory peptide which controls the extent of local inflammation

Question 37

How do dendritic cells act as the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Answer 37

They engluf invading pathogens and process the antigen material to present it on the surface to then travel into the lymphoid tissue to activate the adaptive immune response

Question 38

Which immune structure is thought to pay a big part in the development of the late stage of asthma (granule proteins damage bronchiolar epithelium)

Answer 38

Eosinophils

Question 39

Basophils produce histamine. What does this do?

Answer 39

Contraction of smooth muscle

Dilatation of capillaries