Respiratory, Immune & Circulatory Systems Flashcards
What is systolic blood pressure?
When the ventricles contract. Systolic blood pressure is the higher number on a reading
What is diastolic blood pressure?
When the ventricles are relaxed. Diastolic blood pressure is the lower number on a reading.
What is vasoconstriction?
Vasodilation is when the diameter of the arterioles restricts blood flow
What is vasodilation?
Vasoconstriction is when arterioles open wider to increase blood flow.
What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels that are only one layer of cells thick and they facilitate the diffusion of nutrients, gases, and waste in tissue
What are veins?
Veins are what transfer deoxygenated blood back towards your heart. They are medium in size
What are arteries?
Arteries are vessels that carry high-pressure blood away from the heart. They are very thick and carry blood away at high speeds
What are the different types of plasma?
The Fluid Component takes up 55% of blood volume with things like fluids, proteins, glucose, gases, etc.
The Cell Component takes up the other 45% of the blood and is composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What are erythrocytes and some of their characteristics?
Erythrocytes are red blood cells that carry oxygen using hemoglobin. Red blood cells come from bone marrow and can last up to 120 days.
What are leukocytes, and some of their characteristics?
Leukocytes are white blood cells, and they are responsible for immune system responses. They come from the thymus and bone marrow
What are platelets and some of their characteristics?
Platelets float through blood vessels and catch on broken vessel walls to begin blood clotting. They are formed from stem cell cytoplasm and bone marrow.
What is blood clotting?
Blood clotting maintains homeostasis by preventing massive blood loss
What are the functions of blood?
- Transport
- Homeostatic Regulation
What does the blood transport?
Oxygen and nutrients to tissues, wastes away from tissues, and hormones, plasma and other substances throughout the body
What is homeostatic regulation?
Homeostatic regulation helps with temperature regulation, pH regulation, bicarbonate and hydrogen balance, and vasoconstriction/vasodilation
What do the capillaries exchange?
Capillaries exchange materials between our blood and our cells using their combined surface area of 6300 meters squared
What are cells surrounded by?
Interstitial fluid
What is hemophilia?
When a person is missing one of the clotting factors within the platelets, so that the blood does not clot. A small cut or scrape could be fatal to a person with hemophilia because they have the potential to bleed out
What is leukemia?
An overproduction of white blood cells leading to cancer.
What is anemia?
When a person is lacking iron for hemoglobin, meaning they will have fewer red blood cells
What is the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, glands, and nodes spread throughout the body.
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
- Help maintain the balance of bodily fluids
- Works with white blood cells to protect the body from infection
- Contains macrophages which trap and destroy bacteria
What are the three different parts of the human defense system?
- The General Barriers
- Non-Specific Defenses
- Specific Defenses
What are the General Barriers?
They are the first line of defense for the body. They prevent organisms from entering, using things like tears, mucous, stomach acid, and enzymes in an attempt to destroy the first signs of bacteria/disease
What are the Non-Specific Defenses?
They are also known as cell-mediated immunity. They have macrophages that kill all bacteria by engulfing them. They also have natural killer cells like sleep and fever
What are the Specific Defenses?
The specific defenses use antibodies and antigens that can target very specific areas and memorize/identify different pathogens
What are T cells in lymphocytes?
T cells are produced in the thymus. They send a signal indicating that there are foreign invaders trying to attack
What are B cells in lymphocytes?
B cells produce Y-shaped antibodies
What are antibodies?
Antibodies are proteins that recognize (detect) foreign substances and either neutralize or destroy them. Antibodies are like an arrest warrant for a stolen object.
What are antigens?
Antigens are molecules that are found on the surface of the cells and on the pathogens. They provide an identification system. Antigens are like fingerprints or clues on a stolen object.
True or False, antibodies are incapable of changing their shape to block toxins from entering cells.
False, antibodies are very capable of changing their shape to prevent toxic substances from entering cells. They are an example of a competitive inhibitor.
What are helper T cells?
Helper T cells read the antigen shape and release lymphokine
What are memory T cells?
Memory T cells produce copies of the invader antigens so that they can be identified more easily in the future
What are all of the different blood types?
A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+, O+, O-
What is the rhesus factor?
The rhesus factor is a second antigen that can be found in red blood cells. A person can either be Rh positive, meaning that they have the antigen and Rh negative, meaning It is not present
How can the rhesus factor cause problems in pregnancy?
Complications will occur if the mom has any type of negative blood and the baby has a positive blood type. When born, the mom will begin to produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood of their baby which can cause significant issues like blood clumping and death
What is an autoimmune disorder?
This is when the immune system attacks its cells, mistaking them for foreign invaders. Type 1 diabetes is an example of this
What are allergies?
Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to a harmless substance such as dust or pet dander.
What are phagocytes?
Phagocytes clean up any dead or injured remaining T and B cells
What is external respiration?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the outside air
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the blood and body tissues
What is cellular respiration?
The oxidation of glucose for energy in the mitochondria
What are the lungs surrounded by?
The pleural membrane, which attaches the lungs to the thoracic cavity
What are the bronchi/bronchioles?
The two bronchi branch into bronchioles, which end in clusters of alveoli.
What are the alveoli?
Alveoli are tiny sacs where external respiration (air and blood exchange) occurs. Their walls are very thin, and surrounded by capillaries. They facilitate oxygen transfer through diffusion and have a very large surface area
What is breathing?
The mechanical action that brings air into the lungs
What is respiration?
The exchange of gases
What happens to the pressure inside your lungs when you inspire?
The pressure inside your lungs is lower than the outside, as they are contracting
What happens to the pressure in your lungs when you expire?
The pressure within your lungs will be greater than the atmospheric pressure. This is because your diaphragm is relaxing and becoming dome shaped
What is Boyle’s law?
When volume goes down, the pressure goes up
What muscles are between the ribs, and what happens to them when you inhale or exhale?
Bands of intercostal muscles are in between the ribs. When you inhale, these muscles contract and pull the ribs upwards. When you exhale, they bring them inwards and down
What is the normal volume of air that can be exhaled and inhaled?
Tidal volume
What is the total volume of air that our lungs can move in and out
Vital capacity
What is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal breath?
Expiratory reserve
What is the amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal breath?
Inspiratory reserve
What is the amount of air in your lungs that cannot be moved in or out?
Residual volume
How can you calculate your vital capacity?
Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) + Tidal volume + Expiratory Reserve (ERV)
What happens during the gas exchange in humans?
Oxygen leaves the blood and diffuses into the tissue. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissue and goes into the blood
What are hemoglobin molecules, and why are they so important?
Hemoglobin molecules are 99% of the oxygen in the blood. Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to carry massive amounts of oxygen but they need iron to be formed
What is laryngitis?
An inflammation of the larynx. As a result, the vocal chords become inflamed and do not vibrate, resulting in a person not being able to talk
What is bronchitis?
Inflammation of the bronchi. The cilia lining in the bronchi can be damaged.
What is pneumonia?
A condition where the alveoli fill with fluid. Pneumonia is caused by bacteria
What is emphysema?
A breakdown and loss of elasticity in the alveoli wall. As a result, the surface area for absorption is reduced. A person with emphysema will have an increased breathing rate and a decreased lung volume
What is asthma?
A chronic obstructive disease that reduces the bronchi’s diameter and airflow.
What are the four main functions of the circulatory system?
Transport, temperature, injury protection, and immune response
What is the heart surrounded by?
A fluid-filled membrane called the pericardium
What is the role of the aorta?
To transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the rest of the body
What is the role of the superior vena cava?
The superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body, back to the right atrium of the heart
What is the role of the inferior vena cava?
The inferior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body to the right atrium
What is the role of the pulmonary arteries?
The left and right pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right lung and the left ventricle to the left lung (away from heart)
What is the function of the right atrium?
The right atrium receives oxygen from two major veins. The superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava. The right atrium also pumps blood into the right ventricle after pushing it through the tricuspid valve
What are the roles of the heart valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, semilunar?)
All valves in the heart serve to prevent backflow, ensuring that blood only flows in one direction
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node?
The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart. It generates electrical impulses that initiate every heartbeat These pulses cause the atria to contract
What is the role of the atrioventricular (AV) node?
The AV node causes the ventricles to contract. It also serves as a natural pacemaker for the heart but comes after the SA node contracts.
What is the role of the coronary arteries?
Coronary arteries rub along the muscle tissue on the surface of the heart. They bring oxygen and nutrients to the muscles.
What is the P wave on an ECG?
The P wave represents the contraction of the atria, sent by the signal of the SA node
What is the QRS wave on an ECG?
The QRS wave records ventricular depolarization and triggers the main pumping contractions
What is the T wave on an ECG?
The T wave indicates the recovery of the ventricles
What produces the “lub” sound in the heart?
When the AV valve closes, meaning that the ventricles are contracting
What produces the “dub” sound in the heart?
The relaxing of the ventricles and closing of the semilunar valves are what cause this sound
