Macromolecules & Enzymes

Question 1

What are the four macromolecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids

Question 2

What is a monomer?

Answer 2

The “building block” of a macromolecule

Question 3

What is the monomer(s) for carbohydrates?

Answer 3

Monosaccharides

Question 4

What is the function(s) of carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Providing energy & structure

Question 5

What elements are in carbohydrates?

Answer 5

CHO (Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen)

Question 6

What is the monomer(s) for lipids?

Answer 6

Fatty acids & glycogen

Question 7

What is the function(s) of lipids?

Answer 7

Energy storage & insulation

Question 8

What elements are in lipids?

Answer 8

CHO (Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen)

Question 9

What is the monomer for protein(s)?

Answer 9

Amino acids

Question 10

What is the function(s) of proteins

Answer 10

1. Enzymes
2. Hormones
3. Transport
4. Antibodies
5. Structural
6. Carrier
7. Last resort energy

Question 11

What elements are in proteins?

Answer 11

CHON (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

Question 12

What is the monomer(s) for nucleic acids?

Answer 12

Nucleotides

Question 13

What elements are in nucleic acids?

Answer 13

CHONP (Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous)

Question 14

What is the function(s) of nucleic acid?

Answer 14

Makes up DNA & RNA which codes for our traits & proteins

Question 15

What are the two other key components of chemical reactions in our body?

Answer 15

Vitamins & minerals

Question 16

What is the function(s) of vitamins?

Answer 16

Helps enzymes function

Question 17

What is the function(s) of minerals?

Answer 17

Make up essential components of hemoglobin, hormones, enzymes & vitamins

Question 18

What type of compounds are vitamins?

Answer 18

Organic compounds (carbon based)

Question 19

What types of compounds are minerals?

Answer 19

Inorganic compounds

Question 20

How do animal lipids work?

Answer 20

Animal lipids have saturated fatty acids, and no double bonds (solid like butter)

Question 21

How do plant lipids work?

Answer 21

Plant lipids have unsaturated with many double bonds (liquid like olive oil)

Question 22

What are enzymes?

Answer 22

Biological catalysts

Question 23

How do enzymes work?

Answer 23

A substrate attaches to an active site in order to increase reaction rates by reducing the amount of energy required to start a reaction

Question 24

How many times can enzymes be reused?

Answer 24

They are free to be reused until all of the substrate is gone

Question 25

What is a substrate?

Answer 25

A substrate (lock) is the part of the enzyme that binds to the active site (key) by having a specific shape that fits perfectly with the active site

Question 26

What is an active site?

Answer 26

A region of active protein in the enzyme that needs a substrate to combine with it in order to increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction

Question 27

What factors affect enzymes?

Answer 27

1. Temperature 2. pH 3. Competitive inhibitors 4. Non-competitive inhibitors 5. Co-factors 6. Co-enzymes

Question 28

How does temperature affect enzymes?

Answer 28

Temperature can cause an enzyme to be denatured (temporary change in shape) or coagulated (permanent change in shape) These things are negative to the enzyme and cause it to be shriveled with less activity in the site

Question 29

How does pH affect enzymes?

Answer 29

pH levels can either be too basic or too acidic for a specific enzymes functionality

Question 29

How do competitive inhibitors affect enzymes?

Answer 29

Competitive inhibitors keep the enzyme from working by blocking the active site

Question 30

How do non-competitive inhibitors affect enzymes?

Answer 30

These change the shape of the enzyme, and as a result the substrate (key) no longer fits in the active site (lock)

Question 31

How do co-factors affect enzymes?

Answer 31

These are inorganic ions that help an enzyme combine with a substrate

Question 32

How do co-enzymes affect enzymes?

Answer 32

These are organic molecules that also help enzymes combine with a substrate

Question 33

What is negative feedback in the regulation of enzyme activity called?

Answer 33

Allosteric. This means that it gives negative feedback to the stimulus

Question 34

What is positive feedback in the regulation of enzyme activity called?

Answer 34

Precursor. This starts a process and enhances the original stimulus, giving positive feedback

Question 35

What test is used to indicate the prescense of a simple carbohydrate/

Answer 35

Benedict

Question 36

What test is used to indicate the presence of a complex carbohydrate?

Answer 36

Iodine

Question 37

What test is used to indicate the presence of protein?

Answer 37

Biruet

Question 38

What tests are used to indicate the presence of lipids?

Answer 38

Sudan IV & the translucency test