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Respiratory IM Flashcards

1
Q

Presentation of PE?

A

Dyspnea (73%)
Pleuritic chest pain (66%)
Cough (37%)
High RR (>70%)
Crackles (51%)
Tachycardia (30%)
Fever, cyanosis

Massive PE shows syncope, hypotension, PEA, CCF

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2
Q

Clinical diagnosis of tension pneumothorax?

A

Hypotension
Neck vein distension
Severe respiratory distress
Deviated trachea
Subcutaneous emphysema

Hypotension confirms pneumothorax is a tension pneumothorax

Neck veins may be flat due to hypotension

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3
Q

Small bilateral effusions with other clinical and XR manifestations of fluid overload, are usu due to fluid overload itself. Most other effusions should undergo _____

A

Undergo diagnostic pleural tap, unless cause is obvious.

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4
Q

How to classify effusion as exudate or transudate?

Light Criteria

A

Based on its protein and LDH.
Effusion is exudative if 1/3 is positive:
1. pleural fluid protein/serum protein >0.5
2. Pleural LDH/serum LDH >0.6
3. Pleural LDH exceeds 2/3 of upper normal limit for serum.

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5
Q

Causes of ILD?

A

Exposure-related = asbestosis, silicosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis
**Drug-related **= amiodarone, methotrexate etc
**Rheum-related **= scleroderma, RA
Primary diffuse parenchymal lung disease

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6
Q

Reid classification for bronchiectasis?

A

Normal
Cylindrical
Varicose
Cystic

Commonest cause is post-infective

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7
Q

Light criteria for transudative vs exudative pleural effusion?

A

Pleural fluid protein/serum protein ratio = above or below 0.5?
Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio = above/below 0.6?
Pleural fluid LDH = above/below 2/3 the upper limit of normal serum LDH?

If below the stated parameters, then transudative.
If above the stated

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8
Q

Causes of transudative effusions?

A

Congestive HF
Hepatic cirrhosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Protein-losing enteropathy
CKD (Na+ retention)

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9
Q

How much pleural fluid do u need to be symptomatic?

A

300ml

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10
Q

4 stages of pleural effusion?

A

Transudative stage
Exudative stage
Fibrinopurulent stage
Organization stage

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11
Q

Grading for severity of dyspnea?

A

mMRC Grade 0 = SOB with strenuous exercise
Grade 1 = SOB on hurrying up a slope
Grade 2 = I am slow or i have to stop for breath when walking up slope
Grade 3 = Stop for breath after walking 100m or after a few minutes on slope
Grade 4 = Too breathless to leave the house or ADLs.

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12
Q

What is fibronodular change of lungs a/w?

A

Higher risk of developing TB reactivation

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13
Q

Causes of Spontaneous pneumothorax?

A
  1. Primary = Ruptured subpleural apical blebs
  2. Secondary = COPD/Infection/cystic fibrosis/Marfan/Malignancy
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14
Q

Secondary causes of spontaneous pneumothorax?

A

COPD (smoking) = ruptured bullae in emphysema
Infection = TB, pneumocystis pneumonia
Cystic fibrosis = Bronchiectasis with obstructive emphysema +bleb/cyst rupture
Marfan
Malignancy

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15
Q

How long for orthopnea to manifest and recover?

A

Occurs rapidly within 1-2 mins of recumbency.
Can occur in any condition in which vital capacity is low e.g. COPD/diaphragmatic weakness

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16
Q

What is bullae?

A

Emphysema is a type of COPD that damages walls of alveoli.
This causes large air pockets called bullae, which hinder gas exchange

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17
Q

Diagnosis of OSA?

STOP BANG score

A

4 or more = high risk for OSA
Snoring
Tired in day?
Anyone observed u stopping breathing?
High BP
BMI >35
Age >50
Neck circumference >40cm
Male gender

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18
Q

COPD Assessment score?

A

How often u cough
How much mucus in cough/chest
How much tightness in chest
How breathless u feel after uphill
How much COPD limits home activities
How comfortable u feel leaving home with COPD
How well u sleep
How much energy u have

0-9 = Low
10-20 = Medium
21-30 = High
31-40 = Very high

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19
Q

Examples of Obstructive lung diseases

A

Asthma
Bronchiectasis
COPD

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20
Q

Examples of restrictive lung disease

A

ILD
Asbestosis
Chest wall e.g. AS, Scoliosis
Drug ADRs e.g. MTX
Nm disorders e.g. GBS, MG

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21
Q

In what cases do u not do spirometry?

A

Post-MI, dont do for one month
Dont do post-abdo surgery
Dont do in pneumothorax

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22
Q

What is SMART therapy for asthma?

Single maintenance and reliver therapy

A

Budesonide + Formoterol
Symbicort

Max dose 12 a day, but IRL usu dont exceed 4 a day

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23
Q

Seretide vs Symbicort?

A

Seretide is more potent and has higher proportion of ICS, but cannot use as reliever due to its Salmeterol slow onset.
Formoterol in symbicort is fast-acting

Symbicort can also be used in kids. from 7yo onwards. Cuz formoterol can use in kids, but salmeterol cannot

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24
Q

When to use mMrc dyspnea score vs CAT scoring?

A

mMrc only discusses breathlessness.
If pt has no SOB but has other COPD features, use CAT.

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25
What does low PaO2 and P/F ratio show?
Low PaO2 means ARDS P/F ratio shows degree of hypoxaemia
26
Signs of hyperinflated lungs on XR?
Flattened hemidiaphragm Lungs extends past 6th rib anteriorly, 10th rib posteriorly | flattened hemidiaphragm is easier to catch on XR
27
In what position does neuromuscular disease worsen dyspnea?
When supine. Abdo contents are pushed up, restricting thoracic cavity expansion.
28
In which 2 situations do you do ABG?
1. To confirm presence of respi failure 2. Diagnose acid-base disturbance. E.g. pt is on room air, but suddenly desaturates. Low O2 doesnt mean pure T1/T2 respi failure, hence need ABG. ## Footnote So if pt is on room air, no need ABG.
29
Type 1 vs Type 2 respi failure?
T1 = hypoxic drive T2 = hypercapnic | But in T2, they assume T1 is already present.
30
Common causes of chronic cough?
GERD Smoking exposure ACE-Is Asthma / COPD Upper airway cough syndrome | UACS previously known as post nasal drip
31
How to differentiate btw tension and normal pneumothorax?
Tracheal deviation Hemodynamic compromise | Tension pneumo is mostly secondary
31
Severity of RSV infection?
Usu causes bronchitis and prolonged wheezing. Usu no pneumonia or haemotypsis
32
Bronchoscopy vs IR-guided biopsy?
Bronchoscopy only used for staging, to see more central lesions OR to see peripheral lesions with dilated airways leading to them. IR-guided biopsy is for peripheral lesions without airways leading to them
33
What is organization pneumonia?
Pneumonia without active inflammation. Can be primary with no known cause Can be secondary e.g. underlying cancer Most patients respond to steroids. If unresponsive, suspect others like superimposing infections ## Footnote Strict diagnosis of exclusion
34
34
What does alpha-1-trypsin deficiency cause?
Affects liver and lungs Causes COPD - mostly lower zone emphysema
35
Complicated vs Uncomplicated parapneumonic effusion?
Uncomplicated = no bacterial activity inside effusion Complicated = bacterial activity. AKA **EMPYEMA**!!
36
Lung exudate obtained in suspected TB. What 4 things to check for? | Exudate obtained via thoracentesis
Gram stain AFB TB PCR Adenosine Deaminase for TB (ADA)
37
What does ABG monitor for?
development of Respi failure or acid-base disturbances
38
How does asthma cause pulsus paradoxus? | Only in acute exacerbation!
During asthma attack, sides of the lungs swell and cause airways to narrow. When there is trouble getting air into lungs, lungs respond by overinflating. This overinflation puts pressure on arteries and can cause pulsus paradoxus.
39
What is sarcoidosis?
Multisystem inflammatory disorder. Non-caseating granulomas form most commonly in lungs and hilar LNs. Mostly asymptomatic. Can present with constitutional symptoms, cough, dyspnea. Cause thought to be related to environmental exposure in genetically predisposed pt. Screen with CXR. Treat with pred only if severe.
40
What characteristic of effusion in pneumonia indicates empyema? | Empyema is a collection of pus in pleural cavity
Parapneumonic effusion with pleural pH of 7.2/7.3 indicates empyema. This is due to leukocyte phagocytosis and bacterial metabolism.
41
Bone mets from lung is usually?
Bone mets from lung usu osteolytic and not osteoblastic.
42
How can bronchogenic CA present in eyes?
It can cause ptosis by impinging on sympathetic trunk
43
Best test to visualize PE?
CT pulmonary angiogram. | NOT D-dimer!!! D-dimer is to exclude PE
44
Common pathogens for COPD exacerbation?
Strep pneumo Moraxella Catarrhalis
45
Typical invx for COPD exacerbation?
ABG, CXR
46
Occupational hazard suggests what pathology?
Mesothelioma
47
Bilateral infiltrates. Lymphopenia. These point to what patho?
Viral pneumonia!! | bacterial pneumonia unlikely.
48
What hormones are secreted by SCLC?
ADH and ACTH. SCLC cells show neuroendocrine differentiation
49
Curb-65 score for pneumonia?
Confusion BUN >7mmol/L Respi rate >30/min BP = systolic below 90 or diastolic <60 Age >65 yo 2 points = consider admission 3 points = admit inpatient. 4 or 5 = consider ICU
50
How to pulmonary infarct due to PE show in imaging?
Wedge-shaped opacity
51
GOLD spirometric grades for COPD?
Postbronchodilator FEV1% of predicted value. GOLD 1 = mild, >80% GOLD 2 = moderate, 50-79% GOLD 3 = severe, 30-49% GOLD 4 = very severe, <30%
52
GOLD grouping for pharm treatment guiding?
GOLD A/B = 0 or 1 exacerbation with none leading to hospital admission GOLD A = If mMRC 0-1, CAT <10 GOLD B = mMRC 2-4, CAT ≥10 GOLD E = 2 or more exacerbations OR at least 1 leading to hospital admission
53
COPD vs Asthma, which is a clinical diagnosis and which needs spirometry numbers for diagnosis?
Asthma can be diagnosed clinically. COPD must have spirometry done showing obstructive picture.
54
5 types of pulmonary HTN?
1. Pulmonary arterial HTN 2. Pulm HTN due to L Heart disease 3. Pulm HTN due to lung disease 4. Pulm HTN due to chronic lung thromboembolism 5. Idiopathic
55
Cutoff for bronchodilator reversibility?
Rise of 12% AND 200ml rise in FEV1
56
Management of acute sinusitis?
Symptoms should end in 10 days. Do not offer abx + symptomatic treatment If symptoms over 10 days, consider high-dose nasal steroid. No abx yet. If VERY unwell + red flags, offer immediate abx + refer out
57
What 4 signs significantly raise likelihood of pneumonia?
Dementia Dullness to percussion Bronchial breath sounds Vocal resonance
58
How to treat Pulmonary embolism?
Anticoagulants. In severe PE, give tPA for thrombolytic therapy.

Internal Med (18 decks)

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