Respiratory Histology Flashcards by Ann yo

What is the function of the Conduction portion of the respiratory system?

Warms, filters and humidifies air
Transmit to respiratory portion
NO gas exchange - anatomicophysiologic dead space

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What are the components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, trachea
primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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What is the function of the repsiratory portion of the Resp. System?

Pass air to alveoli for gas exchange

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What are the components of the resp. Portion of the resp. System?

Respiratory bronchioles
* Alveolar ducts
* Alveolar sacs

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Histologically, what is the respiratory portion of the resp. System?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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What are the cells present in the ARespiratory epithelium?

Ciliated cells

Goblet cells

Basal cells

(Also has smooth muscle and elastic fibers)

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What are Goblet cells?

Modified columnar epithelial cells that synthesize and secrete mucus

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How is mucous created?

Apical cytoplasm of goblet cells contains dense aggregation of mucigen granules which are released by exocytosis and combine w/ water

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What is found at the base of a globet cell?

Basal nucleus and many, many organelles

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What are basal cells?

Mitotically active stem cells found in the respiratory portion

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What is the function of the respiratory portion?

Protect airway via mucus production

Transport mucus up and out of respiratory tract via cilia

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What is the larynx?

Short passage for air b/w the pharynx and trachea

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What is wall of the larynx reinforeced by?

Hyaline cartilage and smaller elastic cartilages

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Histologically, what makes up the true vocal folds/cords?

Why?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Protects mucosa from abrasions

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What supports the free edge of vocal folds?

What is it made up of?

Vocal l.

Made from elastic CT

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What allows for the movement of the vocal folds?

Vocalis M.

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What is the trachea?

Short, flexible tube that serves as a conduit for air

Connects larynx to main/primary bronchi

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What keepsthe lumen of the trachea open?

Cartilaginous rings

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What are the 4 layers of the trachea?

Mucosa
Submucosa
Cartilagenous layer
Adventitia

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Histologically, what is the mucosa of the trachea made up of?

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated)

elastic, fiber-rich lamina propria

NUMEROUS globet cell

BALT (bronchi-associated lymphoid tissue)

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What is the cartilaginous layer of the trachea made up of, histologically?

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

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What is the Advnetitia layer of the trachea?

Trachealis m.
Ct that binds trachea to adj. structures

Few sub-mucosal glands

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What is the submucosa layer of the trachea made of histologically?

Rich in submucosal glands

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What are secondary bronchi also called?

Lobar

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What ar the 4 layers seen in Bronchi?

Epithelia Submucosa Muscular is Adventitia

What are the characteristics of Bronchi epithelia?

Pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated FEW globet cells (as compared to trachea) Increased elastic fibers in lamina propria

What are the characteristics of the submucosa of the Bronchi?

Loose/areolar CT FEW submucosal glands FULL cartilage rings (transition to irregular cartilage plates)

What are the characteristics of the Muscularis layer of the bronchi?

Continuous in larger bronchi Loosely organized in smaller bronchi

What are the characteristics of the Adventitia layer of Bronchi?

Moderately dense CT

How do the size of Bronchi differ from Bronchioles?

Bronchi = > 1 mm Bronchioles = <1 mm

What characterized the epithelia of Bronchioles?

Large = SIMPLE ciliated columnar (Or small = simple cuboidal ) FEW goblet cells **CLUB cells Increased elastic fibers

What characterizes the muscularis layer of bronchioles?

Prominent smooth muscle

What is unique about bronchioles?

No submucosa No cartilage plates Airways <1 mm diameter

What is the final part of the conducting portion?

Terminal bronchioles

What are club cells?

Non-ciliated dome shaped cells

What are the functions of club cells?

◦ Secrete lipoprotein = prevents luminal adhesion w/ airway collapse (during expiration) ◦ Detox of inhaled materials ◦ Secrete anitmicrobial peptides

What characterizes the epithelia of Terminal Bronchioles?

Simple CUBOIDAL epithelium w/ Club cells Increased elastic fibers

What characterizes the Muscularis of Terminal Bronchioles?

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

What is the first part of the Resp. PortioN? How are these able to do gas exchange?

Respiratory bronchioles Mucosa contains opening to alveoli where gas exchange occurs

What are the characteristics of the Epithelia of Respiratory bronchioles?

Simple cuboid epithelium w/ club cells Elastic fibers

What are the characteristics of the Muscularis of Resp. Bronchioles?

Smooth muscle

What do alveolar ducts end in?

End in alveolar sacs (AS)

What are alveolar sacs?

2+ clusters of alveoli

What are alveolar rings?

Aggregates of Smooth M., Collagen and elastic fibers that form rings around alveolar ducts

Histologically, what are alveolar ducts, rings, and sacs?

Simple squamous epithelium

What are alveoli? Histologically?

Blind ended sacs that ar lined w/ pneumocytes (type 1 and 2_ Simple squamous epithelium

What is an alveolar pore?

Small openings that permit movement of air b/w alveoli

Histologically, what are Type 1 pneumocytes? Where ar they and what do they do?

Squamous (flat) Line almost entire alveolar surface Crate surface for gas exchange and are closely associated w/ caps

Histologically, what are Type 2 pneumocytes? Where are they and what do they do?

Cuboidal/rounded Secretes surfactant via exocytosis, reduces surface tension w/in alveoli, preventing collapse during respiration Precursor for type 1 and 2 pneumocyte

What is the Parietal and Visceral Pleura covered in?

Flattened mesothelium with underlying fibrous tissues of collagen and elastin fibers that extend into the lung as fibrous septa Underlying fibrous tissues contain extensive lymphatic vessels

What is fibrous septa continuous with?

Lung parenchyma

What 3 components separate the air in alveoli and blood in capillary?

1. 2-3 highly attenuated, Type 1 pneumocytes (thin cells that line alveolus) 2. Fused basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium 3. Capillary endothelial cells

What is asthma?

Chronic inflammatory disease involving the airways Sudden constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles (bronchospasm -bronchial spasm)

Wat infiltrates the bronchioles wall during an asthma attack?

Eosinophils, lymphocytes, and mast cells

Histologically, how are the bronchiole walls who have asthma?

Thick bronchioles epithelium w/ increased globet cells, thick basement membrane, hyper plastic SM cells

What are the symptoms of asthma?

Dyspnea, wheezing, productive cough

What is emphysema?

Permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole causing significant loss of gas exchange due to decrease in SA

What causes emphysema?

Chronic obstruction of airflow due to narrowing of bronchioles W/ accompanying destruction of alveolar walls Due to smoking cigs, chronic inhalation of particulate material (coal dust, etc.), or genetic predisposition (autoimmune)

What are the symptoms of Emphysema?

Dyspnea Cough Weight loss

What is pneumonia?

Inflammation of lung tissue with air spaces filled w/ exudate containing WBCs (mainly neutrophils), RBCs, and Fibrin Capillaries become enlarged and congested w/ RBCs

What can pneumonia be described as histologically?

Red hepatizatoin stage (looks like liver)

How does a lung with pneumonia present?

Red, firm (bc no air spaces), and heavy (presence of exudate)

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Fever and chills Productive cough Decreased breath sounds Crackles in lung

What is bronchiolitis obliterans?

Popcorn lung Intraluminal polypoid plug of granulation tissue in the terminal and repsiratory bronchioles

What is granulation tissue?

New CT caused by healing process

What can cause bronchiolitis obliterans ?

Inhalation of foreign material (Di-Acetyl) Lung transplants Infectious pneumonia Diffuse alveolar damage

What are symptoms of bronchiolitis obliterans?

Shortness of breath, wheezing, dry cough