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<3 > Cardiac Histology > Flashcards

Cardiac Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Cardaic muscle?

A

Striated and involuntary w/ intercalated discs and central nuclei

Also possess Lipofuscin granules

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Short, branched, y shaped w/ 1-2 nuclei w/ extensive capillaries and

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3
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current

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4
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells that act as the pacemaker for the heart

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5
Q

What are Lipofuscin granules?

A

Lysosomal residue near the nucleus of some cells

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Smooth Muscles?

A

Non striated and involuntary

Cuddles or sheets of elongated FUsiform cells w/ finely tapered ends

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7
Q

How are smooth muscles cells interconnected?

A

By gap junctions

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8
Q

Smooth muscles ever not contracted?

What is it responsible to?

A

They are under continuous contractions of low force

Responsive to ANS

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9
Q

What are the hallmarks, histologically, of smooth muscle cells?

A

Elongated nuclei with rounded ends

Diffuse staining

Central nuclei surrounding a non-stained region

NOT WAVY

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10
Q

How do smooth muscle cells contract?

A

Possess contractile apparatus of thin and thick filaments

They are anchored to cytoplasmic densities/dense bodies

Densities transmits tension to membrane

And cells contract as one unit and assume globular shape

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11
Q

What are dense bodies composed of?

A

Desmin and vimentim intermediate filaments

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12
Q

What is the Fibrous pericardium?

A

Outer covering of dense connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers of Serous Pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal layer of serous pericardium

2. Visceral layer of Serous pericardium

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14
Q

What does the Parietal layer of Serous Pericardium cover?

A

Lines inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What does the Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium cover?

What else is this called?

A

The outer surface of the heart

Epicardium

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16
Q

Histologically, what is the epicardium?

What is embedded in it?

A

Dense fibrocollagenous CT w/ elastic fibers, lined with mesothelium

Brnaches of coronary arteries are embedded in adipose tissue

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17
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle (striated and involuntary)

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18
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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19
Q

What cells are seen in the myocardium?

A

Cardiocytes (contractile)

Nodal cardiocytes (in SA & AV nodes)

Myoendocrine cardiocytes

20
Q

What characterizes the Myocardium?

A 
Striations
Intercalated discs
DIAD T-TUBULE system 
Mitochondria
Lipofuscin granules
Atrial granules
21
Q

What are intercalated discs?

What will they coincide w/?

A

Specialized, interdigiting junctions b/w cardiocytes

Sites where cells meet end-end, always coincide w/ z-lines

22
Q

What is the funciton of intercalated discs?

A

Bind cells, transmits forces of contraction, allows for spread of excitation

23
Q

What are the types of membrane-membrane contacts intercalated discs possess?

A

Transverse regions w/ fascia adherents and desmosomes

Longitudinal region w/ gap junctions

24
Q

What are fascia adherens? Where are they found?

A

In transverse regions of intercalated discs

Actin filament at ends of terminal sarcomere that insert into junction and transmit contractile forces between cells

25
Q

What is the most predominant type of membrane-membrane contact in intercalated discs?

A

Fascia adherens

26
Q

What and where are desmosomes in intercalated discs?

A

In the transverse region

Provide anchorage for intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton

27
Q

What are gap junction in the longitudinal regions of Intercalated discs?

A

Sites of low electrical resistance that allows excitation to pass b/w cells

28
Q

What makes up a DIad?

A

1 T-tubule + 1 SR cisterna

29
Q

Where are the Diad T-tubule systems found?

A

At z lines

30
Q

What is the function of Diad T-tubule system?

A

Permits uniform contraction of myofibrils w/in a single cardiocytes

31
Q

What are atrial granules also known as?

A

Myoendocrine cardiocytes

32
Q

What are atrial granules?

A

Atrial cells that contain membrane bound granules that contain precursor of Atrial natriuretic factor

33
Q

What is atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?

A

Target kidneys to decrease Na and water retention

34
Q

Histologically,w hat is endocardium?

A

Areolar CT and endothelium

35
Q

What and where is the Subendocardial layer?

What does it merge with? What does it contain?

A

Thin layer of CT w/ SM in ventricles

Merges w/ myocardium and contains branches of purkinje fibers

36
Q

How is the subendocardial layer in the atria organized?

What does this allow for?

A

It’s not

ATria does NOT have subendocardial layer

Makes Purkinje fibers be closer to endothelium and intermixed w/ myocardium

37
Q

Describe the electrical conduction system of the heart.

A

SA node —> AV node —>AV bundle —> R/L bundle branches —> purkinje fibers

38
Q

How do parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers influence the conduction system of the heart?

A

Fibers terminate in nodes and only MODIFITY rate of intrinsic cardiac muscle contractions

39
Q

What are nodal cardiocytes?

A

Modified cells w/in SA/AV nodes that initiate/relay electrical signals

40
Q

What are purkinje fibers?

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells w/ few myofibrils but increased glycogen that are typically at periphery of myocardium and mostly lack T-tubules

41
Q

What is the function of purkinje fibers?

A

Conduct electrical impulses that allow for coordinated contraction

42
Q

Histologically, what is the cardiac skeleton?

A

Dense, irregular CT in endocardium

43
Q

What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to maintain shape

Contributes to interventricular and interatrial septa

44
Q

Where does the cardiac skeleton extend into? What does this allow for?

A

The valve cusps and chordae tendinae

Allows for the insertion of cardiac m. And as electric insulator b/w atria and ventricles

45
Q

Histologically, what are the heart valves?

A

‣ Core of fibro-elastic CT (Lamina fibrous) covered by endothelium
‣ Continuous w/ cardiac skeleton

‣ Fibro-elastic layer of endocardium condenses —> valve ring
• Creates central portion of valve

46
Q

How is a valve ring formed?

Where is a valve ring?

A

Condensing of fibro-elastic layer of endocardium

Valve rings creates central portion of valve

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