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Cardiac Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Cardaic muscle?

A

Striated and involuntary w/ intercalated discs and central nuclei

Also possess Lipofuscin granules

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Short, branched, y shaped w/ 1-2 nuclei w/ extensive capillaries and

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3
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Transverse junctions at the ends of cells that allow passage of electrical current

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4
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

Modified cardiac muscle cells that act as the pacemaker for the heart

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5
Q

What are Lipofuscin granules?

A

Lysosomal residue near the nucleus of some cells

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Smooth Muscles?

A

Non striated and involuntary

Cuddles or sheets of elongated FUsiform cells w/ finely tapered ends

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7
Q

How are smooth muscles cells interconnected?

A

By gap junctions

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8
Q

Smooth muscles ever not contracted?

What is it responsible to?

A

They are under continuous contractions of low force

Responsive to ANS

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9
Q

What are the hallmarks, histologically, of smooth muscle cells?

A

Elongated nuclei with rounded ends

Diffuse staining

Central nuclei surrounding a non-stained region

NOT WAVY

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10
Q

How do smooth muscle cells contract?

A

Possess contractile apparatus of thin and thick filaments

They are anchored to cytoplasmic densities/dense bodies

Densities transmits tension to membrane

And cells contract as one unit and assume globular shape

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11
Q

What are dense bodies composed of?

A

Desmin and vimentim intermediate filaments

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12
Q

What is the Fibrous pericardium?

A

Outer covering of dense connective tissue

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13
Q

What are the 2 layers of Serous Pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal layer of serous pericardium

2. Visceral layer of Serous pericardium

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14
Q

What does the Parietal layer of Serous Pericardium cover?

A

Lines inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

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15
Q

What does the Visceral Layer of Serous Pericardium cover?

What else is this called?

A

The outer surface of the heart

Epicardium

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16
Q

Histologically, what is the epicardium?

What is embedded in it?

A

Dense fibrocollagenous CT w/ elastic fibers, lined with mesothelium

Brnaches of coronary arteries are embedded in adipose tissue

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17
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle (striated and involuntary)

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18
Q

What is the thickest layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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19
Q

What cells are seen in the myocardium?

A

Cardiocytes (contractile)

Nodal cardiocytes (in SA & AV nodes)

Myoendocrine cardiocytes

20
Q

What characterizes the Myocardium?

A 
Striations
Intercalated discs
DIAD T-TUBULE system 
Mitochondria
Lipofuscin granules
Atrial granules
21
Q

What are intercalated discs?

What will they coincide w/?

A

Specialized, interdigiting junctions b/w cardiocytes

Sites where cells meet end-end, always coincide w/ z-lines

22
Q

What is the funciton of intercalated discs?

A

Bind cells, transmits forces of contraction, allows for spread of excitation

23
Q

What are the types of membrane-membrane contacts intercalated discs possess?

A

Transverse regions w/ fascia adherents and desmosomes

Longitudinal region w/ gap junctions

24
Q

What are fascia adherens? Where are they found?

A

In transverse regions of intercalated discs

Actin filament at ends of terminal sarcomere that insert into junction and transmit contractile forces between cells

25
What is the most predominant type of membrane-membrane contact in intercalated discs?
Fascia adherens
26
What and where are desmosomes in intercalated discs?
In the transverse region Provide anchorage for intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
27
What are gap junction in the longitudinal regions of Intercalated discs?
Sites of low electrical resistance that allows excitation to pass b/w cells
28
What makes up a DIad?
1 T-tubule + 1 SR cisterna
29
Where are the Diad T-tubule systems found?
At z lines
30
What is the function of Diad T-tubule system?
Permits uniform contraction of myofibrils w/in a single cardiocytes
31
What are atrial granules also known as?
Myoendocrine cardiocytes
32
What are atrial granules?
Atrial cells that contain membrane bound granules that contain precursor of Atrial natriuretic factor
33
What is atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)?
Target kidneys to decrease Na and water retention
34
Histologically,w hat is endocardium?
Areolar CT and endothelium
35
What and where is the Subendocardial layer? What does it merge with? What does it contain?
Thin layer of CT w/ SM in ventricles Merges w/ myocardium and contains branches of purkinje fibers
36
How is the subendocardial layer in the atria organized? What does this allow for?
It’s not ATria does NOT have subendocardial layer Makes Purkinje fibers be closer to endothelium and intermixed w/ myocardium
37
Describe the electrical conduction system of the heart.
SA node —> AV node —>AV bundle —> R/L bundle branches —> purkinje fibers
38
How do parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers influence the conduction system of the heart?
Fibers terminate in nodes and only MODIFITY rate of intrinsic cardiac muscle contractions
39
What are nodal cardiocytes?
Modified cells w/in SA/AV nodes that initiate/relay electrical signals
40
What are purkinje fibers?
Specialized cardiac muscle cells w/ few myofibrils but increased glycogen that are typically at periphery of myocardium and mostly lack T-tubules
41
What is the function of purkinje fibers?
Conduct electrical impulses that allow for coordinated contraction
42
Histologically, what is the cardiac skeleton?
Dense, irregular CT in endocardium
43
What is the function of the cardiac skeleton?
Anchors valves and surrounds AV canals to maintain shape Contributes to interventricular and interatrial septa
44
Where does the cardiac skeleton extend into? What does this allow for?
The valve cusps and chordae tendinae Allows for the insertion of cardiac m. And as electric insulator b/w atria and ventricles
45
Histologically, what are the heart valves?
‣ Core of fibro-elastic CT (Lamina fibrous) covered by endothelium ‣ Continuous w/ cardiac skeleton ‣ Fibro-elastic layer of endocardium condenses —> valve ring • Creates central portion of valve
46
How is a valve ring formed? Where is a valve ring?
Condensing of fibro-elastic layer of endocardium Valve rings creates central portion of valve

<3 (26 decks)

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