Lipids And Lipoproteins Flashcards

Question

What are the side effects assoc. w/ Statins?

Answer 1

Mediate myopathy due to depletion of msucle levels of ubiquinone (CoQ 10) - leading to impairment of mitochondrial funciton

Answer 2

Esterified to cholesterol esters by ACAT Packaged into VLDL and released into blood

Answer 3

``` Acetyl CoA + Acetyl CoA —> acetoacetyl coA + Acetyl CoA (HMG CoA synthase) —> HMG CoA (HMG CoA Reductase) —> mevalonate —> IPP —> 6 IPP —> squareness —> lanosterol —> cholesterol ```

Answer 4

Insulin, thyroxine

Answer 5

``` Glucagon Sterols High AMP Vit. E Statins ```

Answer 6

``` Anoles KCN Tamoxifen Morpholine Triparanol ```

Answer 7

FFAs Bile acids Oxysterols Statins

Answer 8

- phospho form = inactive - during conditions of low energy - done by glucagon - dephospho form = active - done by insulin

Answer 9

HMG gene’s Sterol REgulatory element in promoter region SRE-biding proteins —> SRE SREBP + SCAP (SREBP cleavage activating protein) SREBP -SCAP + INSIG Low cholesterol = translocation of SREBP-SCAP to Golgi Cleaved to release mature SREBP (will dimerize) SREBP —> SRE at nucleus —> promotes transcription of. HMG CoA reductase

Answer 10

Unregulated enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway Increase transcription of HMG CoA reductase Unregulated LDL R.

Answer 11

At protein synthesis level

Answer 12

At level of protein turnover/degradation

Answer 13

Serve as vehicles of transport for - cholesterol - cholesterol esters - TAGs - fat soluble vitamins

Answer 14

1. Outer shell - mono layer of phospholipids, free cholesterol, and apolipoproteins 2. Inner shell (hydrophobic) - packed w/ TAGs, choelsterol, Cholesterol esters

Answer 15

‣ Will transport and deliver tags ‣ Have role in cholesterol homeostasis • Transports it from sites of synthesis—> use & to liver for excretion

Answer 16

Targeting signals/ligands for Receptors to internalize lipoproteins -activate various enzymes involved in lipoprotein metabolism and processing

Answer 17

1. Chylomicrons 2. VLDL 3. IDL 4. LDL 5. HDL

Answer 18

◦ Most TAGs, Least Protein ◦ Exogenous, formed from dietary fats ◦ Largest ◦ Least dense

Answer 19

‣ 1. ApoB-48 • Facilitates transport ‣ 2. ApoC-II • Activates capillary lipoprotein lipase ‣ 3. ApoE • Facilitates uptake into liver

Answer 20

Made in liver Packaged w/ TAGs and choelsterol

Answer 21

ApoB-100 ApoC-II ApoE

Answer 22

Made from VLDL -no ApoCII (Just apoE and apoB-100)

Answer 23

Made from IDL Bad choelsterol Uptakes into cells No ApoE or ApoC-II (just ApoB-100)

Answer 24

Good cholesterol” ◦ Smalles ◦ Most dense ◦ High protein and phospholipid content

Answer 25

‣ ApoA-1 • Activates enzyme that esterifies cholesterol ‣ ApoE • Promotes uptake into hepatocytes (different than apoE in chylomicrons) ‣ ApoC-II • Activates capillary lipoprotein lipase

Answer 26

1. Baby chylomicrons assembled w/ dietary lipids in Sm. Int. - transported thru lymphatics to blood - only has ApoB-48 2. ApoC-II and ApoE supplied by HDL —> mature chylomicrons 3. Cap. Lipoprotein Lipase hydrolyzes TAGs —> glycerol & FFAs - apoC II released back to HDL 4. Remnants bind via ApoE to liver and are endocytosed —> VLDL

Answer 27

1. VLDL in liver —> blood 2. Cap. Lipoprotein lipase + tags —> glycerol and FFAs - apoCII back to HDL - now is IDL 3. IDL cholesterol —> liver via binding of apoE - loses Tags and apoE 4. LDL formed —> delivers chol. To liver and peripheral tissues via ApoB-100 binding

Answer 28

Due to accumulation of LDL

Answer 29

Shell of phospholipids and free cholesterol Packed w/ 1500 cholesterol ester molecules in core

Answer 30

‣ Transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues and regulate de novo synthesis of cholesterol at these sites

Answer 31

Via R. Mediated endocytosis -becomes engulfed in clathrin coated vesicles —> endosome —> lysosome —> free cholesterol

Answer 32

Mutations that generate receptors unable to release LDL cargo

Answer 33

1. Disc-shaped baby lipid poor HDL = synthesized in liver and Small intestine 2. Baby HDL + cholesterol from peripheral tissues 3. LCAT esterifies cholesterol ‣ Via transfer of FA ‣ Cholesterol esters enter HDL core —> make it spherical = mature

Answer 34

HDL donates and receives APoC-II and ApoE from chylomicrons

Answer 35

Transfer chol. Esters to them in exchange for TAGs and phospholipids Facilitated by CETP (chol.ester transfer protein)

Answer 36

To liver | VLDL, IDL, and LDL also to liver

Answer 37

for maturation of chylomicrons | • Via supplying ApoC-II and ApoE

Answer 38

Reduced risk for Coronary A. Disease

Answer 39

Reverse chol. Transport Bc it removes LDL from periphery and transport it to liver where it can be recycled and processed

Answer 40

ApoA-1 of HDL —> ABCA1 | ABCA1 = atp binding cassette transporter

Answer 41

Tangier disease Charac. By HDL deficiency, chol. Accumulation in macrophages, premature atherosclerosis

Answer 42

Facilitate formation of plaques

Answer 43

Antioxidant, anti-inflamm., antithrombotic, and NO-inducing properties Inhibits oxidation of LDL Keeps inner wall of blood vessels (endoth.) healthy

Answer 44

Weight loss, exercise and smoking cessation -antihyperchol. Drugs, vibrates, anti-diabetic thizolindine drugs, estrogens, and omega 3 FAs

Answer 45

◦ Chylomicron matures in Sm. Int. ‣ Receives ApoC-II and ApoE from HDL ◦ Capillary lipoprotein lipase will remove FFAs from it ‣ APoC-II is released back to HDL ◦ Chylomicron remnant —> liver ◦ VLDL assembled in liver and released to blood ‣ Exchanges TAGs and phospholipids w/ HDL via CETP ‣ Receives APo-CII and ApoE from HDL ◦ capillary lipoprotein lipase will remove FFAs from VLDL ‣ ApoC-II back to HDL ◦ IDL formed ‣ Exchanges TAGs and phospholipids w/ HDL via CETP ◦ capillary lipoprotein lipase will remove FFAs from VLDL ‣ ApoE is lost ◦ LDL’s ApoB-100 binds to LDL Rs. On peripheral tissues ◦ Drops off cholesterol to tissues ◦ Baby HDL will come and pick up cholesterol ◦ Baby HDL —> LCAT —> mature HDL

Answer 46

Deficiency in apoC-ii or defective lipoprotein lipase

Answer 47

Increased chylomicrons Increased TAGs

Answer 48

Complete or partially defective LDL r. Impaired ability to recognize ApoB-100 on LDL by liver/peripheral tissues -increased chol, tags, ldls, VLDL

Answer 49

Hyper-chylomicrons is

Answer 50

Causes 1. Inability to hydrolyze TAGS in chylomicrons and VLDL - plasma TAG levels > 1000 mg/dL

Answer 51

•!!!!! Creamy appearance of blood sample • Abdominal pain • Acute pancreatitis • Cutaneous eruptive xanthomas ◦ Nodules of cholesterol in skin and tendons

Answer 52

Autosomal recessive

Answer 53

Low fat diet | Bc it has increased. Chylomicrons which are made by dietary fat

Answer 54

Causes 1. Increased cholesterol in blood 2. Oxidation of xs LDL —> lead to devel. Of CV diseases like atherosclerosis

Answer 55

Autosomal dominant

Answer 56

Hyper-cholesterolemia

Answer 57

Normal: 130-200 Heterozygous: 300-500 Homozygous: >800 (left untreated - will indie of CAD before teenage yrs.)

Answer 58

Xanthomas Corneal deposits in eyes Angina pectoral

Answer 59

Homo: need LDL apheresis; liver transplant Hetero: respond to diet, statins, bile acid binding resins

Answer 60

Due to defect in transporter that supports chol. Pickup by baby HDLs -decreased HDL (bc can’t mature)

Answer 61

Combine with reactive oxygen species and form Oxidized LDL (oxLDL)

Answer 62

In vessel wall

Answer 63

Endothelial injury and dysfunction Promoting further influx of LDL bc of increased vasc. Permeability and leukocyte adhesion

Answer 64

Inflammatory response where macrophages take up oxLDL

Answer 65

Foam cells

Answer 66

Thru the death of foam cells, platelet adhesion, and recruitment of sm. M. Cells Eventually leads to atherosclerosis