Respiratory Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

COPD

A

irreversible and progressive leading to reduced ability to inhale and exhale adequately resulting in dyspnoea on minimal exertion and chronic cough

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

emphysema

A

progressive and includes: destruction of alveoli
failure to maintain alveolar integrity
enlargement of air spaces beyond terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

emphysema results in

A

reduced:: vascular surface area for gas exchange, elasticity and air trapping
increased:: residual volume, resistance to blood flow
chronic SOB and increased WOB
barrel chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

inflammatory changes within the lungs
excessive production of mucous
caused by prolonged exposure to irritants
lumen of bronchi becomes narrower as excessively mucous filled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ASthma

A

severe reversible airways disease with increased airway resistance caused by bronchospasm, swelling of mucosal membranes of bronchial walls and hypersecretion of sputum that impedes air flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

air flow resistance in asthma leads to

A

alveolar hypoventilation
ventilation oerfusion mismatch
co2 retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pneumonia

A

infeciton of lung

may be bacterial, viral or fungal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pneumonia is spread by:

A

droplet contact
contact with infected persons
aspiration of bacteria from nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acute resp distress syndrome ARDS

A

resp failure with acute lung inflammation, diffuse alveolar capillary injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ARDS results in

A

lungs wet, heavy, congested, stiff

reduced alveolar perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air collect in pleural space
may be caused by trauma, intrinsic factors or may be spontaneous
if air continues to collect in this space, the lung will not be able to fill adequately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pneumothorax may lead to

A
dyspnoea
tachypnoea 
chest pain
pallor
diaphoresis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pleurisy

A

inflammation of parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Plurisy leads to

A
exudate in the pleural space
dyspnoea 
stabbing chest pain
restricted breathing
spasms on affected side 
friction rub
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Causes of pleurisy

A
pneumonia
pulmonary infarction
tuberculosis
an abcess of the lung or chest wall
bronchial carcinoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pleural effusion

A

an excessive collection of fluid or exudate in pleural space
fluid may be high or low protein content and this is used to classify condition

17
Q

Pleural effusion may be result of:

A

trauma
death of pulmonary tissue (infarction)
cancerous growth
infections such as tuberculosis

18
Q

tuberculosis

A

common infectious bacterial disease
often attacks lungs
creates tubercules in lungs (pus filled areas)

19
Q

Pulmonary EMbolism

A

occurs when pulmonary artery is blocked by a blood clot or other foreign matter

20
Q

contributing factors of pulmonary embolism

A
venostasis
venous injury
increased coagulability 
pregnancy
multiple trauma
21
Q

Chest xrays are indicated for:

A

chest pain
dyspnoea
thoracic trauma

22
Q

Chest xrays evaulate

A

lung parenchyma
cardiac size
mediastinal size
bony structures of chest wall

23
Q

Function of xray machine

A

xray tube containing a cathode and anode emits an xray beam which passes through the body
ionised radiation is absorbed by body’s tissues

24
Q

AP view

A

beam passes through anterior surface first then through posterior

25
PA view
beam passes through posterior surface first then through anterior
26
L
lateral view, left side closest to film
27
R
lateral view, right side closest to film
28
RAO
righr anterior oblique
29
LAO
left anterior oblique
30
RPO
right posterior oblique
31
LPO
left posterior oblique
32
Advantages of xray
``` cheap readily available minimally invasive test environment high specificity for bone good initial snapshot ```
33
DIsadvantages for xray
``` pregnancy obesity radiation exposure positioning difficulty infants ```
34
Chest xray
PA position preferred as it allows scapula to be rolled off the lung fields for better visualisation erect positioning is preferred as gravity causes fluid to settle heart will be closer to film therefore less magnification
35
COmputed tomography
cross sectional imaging of the body | involved multiple fine slices at pre-determined widths to determine anatomy and pathology
36
Drawbacks of computed tomography
radiation dose claustrophobia artifact if pt has metallic prosthesis insitu such as joint replacements and dental fillings