Respiratory disorders: Management of Upper Airway Diseases Flashcards
Repeated upper airway collapse can lead to -?
Edema, fibrosis, and ultimately weakness of the oropharyngeal inspiratory muscles
Consequences of chronic upper airway obstruction on the lower airways and pulmonary parenchyma can lead to -?
Bronchial collapse, pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia, and other respiratory complications
Since respiratory crises are not uncommon in brachycephalic dogs, management includes -?
Supplemental oxygen, sedation, prevention of hyperthermia, weight loss
Unlike complete transection of the cervical trachea causing death, crushing and fracture of the cervical tracheal cartilages leads to -?
Segmental tracheal collapse on inspiration, leading to inspiratory dyspnea and hypoxemia
Perforation of the cervical trachea results in __________ ________, which minimally can impair respiration or can lead to dyspnea and respiratory compromise.
Subcutaneous emphysema
True or False: Pneumomediastinum often causes physiologic compromise, as it often leads to pneumothorax.
False, it is almost only associated with physiologic comprises if the mediastinum ruptures
What are some possible differentials for subcutaneous emphysema?
Perforation of the larynx, trachea, or esophagus, severe cervical bite wounds, and infections of gas producing bacterium
Prior to general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation, what considerations should be made with patients suspected tracheal trauma?
Endotracheal tubes significantly smaller in diameter to the trachea, inspection of the nares and pharynx for trauma, perforation, neoplasia, or laryngeal paralysis, tube placement only to the level of the larynx or proximal trachea, and no PPV
What treatment options are available for patients with tracheal trauma?
Surgical closure of the trachea, resection and anastomoses of the tracheal cartilage rings, or a tracheostomy
Conservative management includes cage rest, supplemental oxygenation, and sedatives
Allergic airway disease encompasses a broad spectrum of diseases with similar clinical signs and pathologic appearances. What are examples of allergic airway diseases in small animals?
Parasitic allergic airway disease, allergic bronchitis, feline asthma, and pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils (PIE)
Allergic airway disease often involves what pathogenic presentation?
Increased numbers of eosinophils within airways, hyperinflation of the lungs, and thickening of the bronchi and bronchioles
Common parasites that can migrate through the pulmonary parenchyma, or are primary pulmonary parasites, include -?
Primary lung parasites include Paragonimus kellicotti (d,c), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (c), Capillaria aerophila (d,c), Crenosoma vulpis (d), and Filaroides hirthi (d)
Other parasites include Dirofilaria immitis (d,c), Ancylostoma caninum (d), Toxacara canis (d), and Strongyloides stercoralis (d,c)
Parasitic allergic airway disease treatment often includes -?
An appropriate antihelminthic medication (Ivermectin, Fenbendazole), and glucocorticoids as needed if moderate to severe inflammation (Prednisone 0.5 - 1 mg/kg)
Siberian huskies and Malamutes are overrepresented for having canine allergic bronchitis, or ___________ _________________. What clinical signs can be seen?
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Coughing, labored breathing, mucopurulent or yellow-green nasal discharge
What diagnostic imaging options can be performed on patients with suspected eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy, and what would likely be seen on those results?
Thoracic radiographs = diffuse, prominent bronchointerstitial pattern with potential nodule-like mucosal plugging
Bronchoscopy = abundant yellow-green or mucopurulent material, thickening with changes to the mucosa with exaggerated closure of the airways during expiration
