Respiratory disorders Flashcards by Hayley Lewis

What are the signs of Nasal disease?

Facial swelling or distortion
Sneezing, Snorting, Rubbing face along surfaces
Dyspnoea
Nasal discharge - serous, mucoid, mucopurulent, bloody

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What are the possible causes of Nasal disease in dogs?

Distemper
KC complex
Aspergillus spp
Foreign bodies 
Neoplasia 
Trauma

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What are the possible causes of nasal disease in cats?

FURD - feline upper respiratory disease 
Chlamidophyla 
Foreign bodies 
Neoplasia 
Trauma

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What is epistaxis?

Nose bleeding

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What can be used to diagnose nasal disease?

History
Clinical exam - facial symmetry?
Blood tests for coagulation 
MRT/CT scan 
Nasal Flush - cell harvest for cytology, fungal/abnormal cells 
Bacterial/fungal culture 
Biopsy and histopathology of masses

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What are the possible treatments of nasal disease?

Tumor removal
Medical treatment of fungal/bacterial infections 
FB removal 
Supportive care of viral infections 
Radiotherapy/chemotherapy for neoplasia

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What are the nursing care requirements for patient with nasal disease?

Depends on cause 
Keep patient clean
Medicate
Warm food to encourage palatability 
hand feeding
'Balls" of food
Humidify the air
Barrier nurse if infectious cause

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What are examples of Laryngeal disease?

Laryngitis
Laryngeal paralysis
Oedema
Trauma

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What are the possible symptoms of Laryngeal disease?

Dysphonia
Coughing/gagging when barking or purring
Exercise intolerance

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What is Dysphonia?

A change or loss of vocal ability

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What breeds are more prone to laryngeal disease?

Ageing medium to large breeds

also seen in small breeds

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What are possible cause of laryngeal disease?

Laryngeal folds motor nerve supply degenerates (neuropathy)

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What would the treatment be for severs laryngeal paralysis?

Surgery

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What does dysphonia mean?

Change or loss in vocal ability

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What is Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction?

A over long soft palate which extends too far caudally and obstructs the larynx

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What usually causes Laryngeal Oedema?

Mechanical trauma to tissues

most often seen in cats after repeated attempts to intubate

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How can we prevent Laryngeal Oedema?

Ensure adequate local anaesthetic and efficient visualisation of area before attempting intubation

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What nursing care should be provided to a patient with laryngeal disease?

Use a harness or head collar for exercise
Avoid excitement
Keep cool
Oxygen therapy if indicated

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What emergency equipment should be prepared for a patient with laryngeal disease?

Tracheotomy kit

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What is the definition of Sinusitis?

Inflammation of one or more sinuses

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What is the definition of rhinitis?

Inflammation of the nasal lining

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What is the definition of epistaxis?

Bleeding from the nose

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What is the definition of Laryngitis?

Inflammation of the larynx

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What is the definition of Tracheitis?

Inflammation of the trachea

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What are signs of Tracheal disease?

``` Tracheitis Tracheal collapse/ trauma Honking noise Dyspnoea Dry hacking cough exercise intolerance ```

What breeds are most affected by Tracheal disease?

Small breeds | especially yorkies

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

What first aid measures should be taken when presented with an animal with acute respiratory disease?

Provide oxygen in the least stressful way possible Minimal restraint to reduce stress Make sure collar is loose Support in sternal recumbency

What are possible causes of sudden onset of acute respiratory disease?

Obstructions Ruptured diaphragm pulmonary haemorrhage GDV

What are possible causes of decompensation of an ongoing problem in acute respiratory disease?

Pneumothorax, haemothorax, pyothorax, chylothorax Neaplasia Infections Pulmonary oedema

What equipment should be prepared for an animal in acute respiratory distress?

``` Tracheostomy kit ET tubes with ties Oxygen and anaesthetic circuit forceps (crocodile/whelping) Laryngoscope Thoracocentesis equipment Crash box ```

What nursing and home care should be provided to a patient with respiratory distress?

``` Keep animal cool Stress free environment limit exposure to strong aerosols Short steady exercise compliance with drug therapy use a harness instead of lead owner to take resp rare and check MM colour and CRT High energy diet ```

What are causes of chronic pulmonary disease?

``` Pulmonary oedema or haemorrhage Lungworm Feline asthma Neoplasia Bronchitis Pneumonia ```

What is Angiostrongylus vasorum?

Dog lungworm

What is A. Abstrusus?

Cat lungworm

What are the symptoms of lungworm?

Coughing dyspnoea may also be asymptomatic

How can chronic pulmonary disease be diagnosed?

Thoracic radiographs Haematology and biochemistry Bronchoalveolar lavage to send for culture and cytology Bronchoscopy Faecal analysis if lung worm is suspected smear of mucus on ET tube - microscopy can reveal lungworm larvae

What nursing care should be provided to a patient with respiratory illness?

``` Provide rest and a calm environment oxygen therapy if needed monitor hydration status as they breath out fluid when tachpnoeic coupage on VS prescription monitor all vital signs ```

How should owners introduce the inhaler to their asthmatic cat?

Gradually, increasing contact time to 20-30 seconds before attaching the chamber, then once comfortable, adding the medication

What does Extrapulmonary mean?

the problem is outside of the lung tissue, but it affects their function

What are examples of Extrapulmonary conditions?

Diaphragmatic rupture Pneumothorax Neoplasia of the thymus and lymph nodes ascites due to right sided heart failure

What are examples of infectious respiratory diseases in dogs?

Kennel cough complex | Distemper

What are examples of infectious respiratory diseases in cats?

Feline upper respiratory disease

how are infectious respiratory diseases passed?

Via inhalation of viral/bacterial particles

What is the clinical name of Kennel Cough complex?

Canine Contagious Respiratory disease

What is the treatment for Kennel Cough?

no treatment usually self limiting

What strain of Kennel Cough is vaccinated against with a nasal vaccination?

Bordatella Bronchisepta

how is canine distemper virus spread?

Aerosol droplets, urine, faeces, saliva, vomitus and ocular discharge

What are the clinical signs of Canine distemper virus?

Depression, anorexia, rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | Hyperetatosis of the nose and footpads

What is Myoclonus?

Involuntary twitching of the muscles

What neurological signs can be present with Canine distemper virus?

Myoclonus Seizures Optic neuritis paresis

What nursing care should be provided to a patient with Canine distemper virus?

Should be barrier nursed . disinfect the environment vaccinate all other dogs in the household

How long can the distemper virus be shed post infection?

90 days

How long is the incubation period for distemper virus?

7-21 days

What does FURD stand for?

Feline Upper Respiratory Disease

What viruses cause FURD?

Calici virus Herpes Virus Bordatella Chlamydophila felis

What symptoms would the normal strain of feline calicivirus produce?

``` Ocular/nasal discharge sneezing gingivitis and Stomatitis Oral ulceration Inappetance and depression ```

What symptoms would viral systemic calicivirus produce?

Limping Oedema and ulceration on limbs and feet hair loss and lesions on head high mortality

when is the feline herpesvirus type 1 shed?

intermittently when stressed any time after infection

What are symptoms of feline herpesvirus?

``` conjunctivitis with ocular/nasal discharge paroxysmal sneezing anorexia depression pyrexia can develop pneumonia ```

What bacteria can transmit from dogs to cat and cause FURD?

Bordatella Bronchisepta

What can bordatella Bronchisepta cause in cat?

bronchopneumonia and death

What are the nursing requirements of a cat with bordatella bronchisepta?

Barrier nurse provide warmed palatable food IV fluids and meds as directed by VS

What animals are most at risk from bordatella bronchisepta?

very young/old/ immunosupressed animals

What is chlamydophila felis?

an intracellular parasite, present on mucosa of infected cats

How is chlamydophila felis transmitted?

Close contact/grooming of infected ocular/nasal discharges