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Principles of veterinary nursing > Circulatory disorders > Flashcards

Circulatory disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

In the healthy heart where does de-ogygenated blood enter first?

A

The right atrium via the cranial and caudal vena cavae

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2
Q

What is the name of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve

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3
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

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4
Q

Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

the left atrium via the pulmonary veins

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5
Q

What is the name of the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve

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6
Q

what is the definition of heart failure?

A

Circulatory failure where the heart is unable to maintain an adequate circulation for the rest of the body

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute heart failure?

A 
The animal presents in cardiogenic shock. 
Collapsed
Pale MMS 
Slow CRT
Weak femoral pulses
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8
Q

What would be the appropriate first aid treatment for an animal with acute heart failure?

A

Reduce dress levels
administer oxygen in a stress free manner
Keep as quiet as possible - cage rest or sit with them
monitor core temperature and cool/warm if necessary

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9
Q

What might show that first aid treatment of acute heart failure is successful?

A

respiration rate should drop

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10
Q

On an animal with acute heart failure how might the vet administer glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)?

A

to the inside of the ear

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11
Q

What would left sided heart failure lead to?

A

a build up of blood within the lungs - pulmonary oedema

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12
Q

What might the symptoms of left sided heart failure be?

A 
Couching 
Dyspnoes and tachypnoea
murmurs and dysrhythmias 
exercise intolerance and lethargy 
sometimes cyanosis in severe cases
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13
Q

What would right sided heart failure lead to?

A

increased blood pressure in the systemic circulation leading to fluid being forced out of the blood vessels around the body, especially in the abdomen

Ascites

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14
Q

What are the main symptoms of right sided heart failure?

A 
Ascites 
Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly 
exercise intolerance 
fatigue and lethargy 
Pale mms 
tachycardia
weak femoral pulses 
dyspnoea and tachypnoea
cyanosis 
murmurs and dysrhymias
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15
Q

What management plan should be put in place to maintain QOL in chronic heart failure patients?

A 
regular small amounts of exercise 
achieve a healthy BCS
Palatable diet low in salt
Healthy treats 
monitor electrolytes 
drug therapy
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16
Q

What type of drugs might be used in a patient with chronic heart failure?

A

diuretics to reduce fluid build up

cardiac drugs that reduce blood pressure and increase sodium excretion, or increase contractility

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17
Q

What might a vet use to diagnose heart failure?

A 
Auscultation 
ECG
Doppler ultrasound with colour flow 
right later and and DV radiographs 
Blood tests - biochem (urea/crea) and electrolytes
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18
Q

What is congenital heart failure?

A

a defect that the animal is born with

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19
Q

What is the term for heart failure that develops later in life?

A

acquired heart defects

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20
Q

What is Patent ductus arteriosus?

A

The connection between the systemics and pulmonary circulations does not close at birth, which leads to blood being shunted from the aorta into the pulmonary artery which then overloads the lungs

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21
Q

How can patent ductus arteriosus be detected?

A

by a loud machinery-type murmur at first vaccination

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22
Q

What is the treatment for patent ductus arteriosus?

A

surgical closure of the defect

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23
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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24
Q

What condition might be detected by a loud machinery-type heart murmur

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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25
Q

What is the name of the heart defect that causes a link between the pulmonary and systemic circulations?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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26
Q

What is Aortic stenosis?

A

narrowing of the aorta

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27
Q

What can result from Aortic stenosis?

A

the heart muscle thickens as it has to work harder

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28
Q

How can aortic stenosis be detected?

A

audible heart murmur

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29
Q

What is the treatment for aortic stenosis?

A

symptomatic treatment - no surgery

30
Q

What is Pulmonic stenosis?

A

narrowing of the pulmonary artery

31
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonic stenosis?

A

audible heart murmur

hypertrophy of the heart muscle

32
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonic stenosis?

A

Surgical treatment available - Balloon valvuloplasy

33
Q

What is Valve dysplasia?

A

congenitally malformed tricuspid or bicuspid valves leading to left or right sided heart failure (in some rare cases both side may be affected)

34
Q

What happens in the heart of a patient with valve dysplasia?

A

as the heart contracts, blood regurgitates into the atria, and they enlarge

35
Q

What is a septal defect?

A

“holes in the heart”

Connecting holes between the atria or ventricles

36
Q

What animal are septal defects most common in?

A

Cats

37
Q

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

A 
A combination of 4 heart defects 
most commonly:
Ventricular septal defect 
pulmonic stenosis 
compensatory right sides hypertrophy 
an overriding aorta
38
Q

What is Persistent right aortic arch?

A

The aortic arch is wrapped around the oesophagus

39
Q

What is another name for persistent right aortic arch?

A

Vascular ring anomaly

40
Q

What are the symptoms of persistent right aortic arch?

A

Underweight pups who are very hungry but will regurgitate any solid pieces of food

41
Q

How can persistent right aortic arch be diagnosed?

A

barium swallow radiography will highlight a structure in the oesophagus and usually a dilation just cranial to it

42
Q

What is the treatment for persistent right aortic arch?

A

surgery to clamp and tie the aortic arch

43
Q

What are the side effects of surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch?

A

the animal may have megaoespphagus permanently

44
Q

What is mitral valve endocardiosis?

A

Progressive thickening of valves leads to back flow and turbulent blood flow
tricuspid valve can be affected but it is usually the mitral vale

45
Q

What are the symptoms of mitral valve endocardiosis?

A

Exercise intolerance,
pulmonary oedema,
cough
murmurs

46
Q

What animal is mitral valve endocardiosis most common in?

A

Dogs
Small breeds most commonly affected
Cavalier king Charles spaniel

47
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Inflammation of the endocardium - including the valves

48
Q

What is endocarditis caused by?

A

bacterial infection

49
Q

What are the sights of endocarditis?

A 
Pyrexia
fever 
shifting lameness
anorexia 
heart murmur
50
Q

How can endocarditis be diagnosed?

A

Blood culture
right lateral and DV Radiographs
ECG
Doppler ultrasound

51
Q

What is the treatment for endocarditis?

A

Antibiotics

52
Q

What is Myocardial disease?

A

Diseases of the myocardium that produces cardiac dysfunction

53
Q

What species is Myocardial disease most common in?

A

Cats

54
Q

What breeds of dog are more likely to suffer from myocardial disease?

A

large and giant breeds

55
Q

What would be symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy be?

A

dyspnoea
tachypnoea
heart murmur
aortic thromboembolism

56
Q

how can hypertrophic cardiomyopathy be diagnosed?

A 
right lateral and DV X-rays 
ECG
blood pressure measurement 
ultrasound of heart including flow directions 
clotting profile 
biochemistry and haematology
57
Q

What is the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

aimed at improving cardiac relaxation and slowing the heart rate
calcium channel blockers and beta blockers

58
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

All the heart chambers dilate and the wall thin and lose power to pump blood efficiently

59
Q

What can dilated cardiomyopathy in cats be related to?

A

taurine deficiency

60
Q

What breeds are more prone to dilated cardiomyopathy?

A 
Dobermanns 
Great Danes 
Boxers
Irish wolfhounds 
Newfoundlands
61
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

A disturbance in the electrical activity of the heart

62
Q

What can arrhythmias be caused by?

A

heart disease or systemic cause like addisons disease

63
Q

What are the symptoms of arrhythmias?

A

collapse
weakness
exercise intolerance

64
Q

What can be used to diagnose arrhythmias?

A

bloods especially electrolytes
ECG
radiographs
ultrasound

65
Q

What is pericardial disease?

A

Effusion into the pericardial sac

66
Q

What is the most common cause of pericardial diseasE?

A

heart base tumours

67
Q

What are the signs of pericardial disease?

A 
tachycardia 
hypovolaemic shock 
dyspnoea 
pale MMs
muffled heart sounds
68
Q

What is the treatment for pericardial disease?

A

draining provides immediate relief as long as it doesn’t bleed again

69
Q

What is infectious cardia disease?

A

heartworm - dirofilaria immitis

70
Q

What life stage of heart worm lives in the heart?

A

Adult

71
Q

What is the latin term for heart worm?

A

Dirofilaria immitis

Principles of veterinary nursing (6 decks)

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