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CR > Respiratory disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what does mucus in the nose do(2)

A

traps pathogens
protects olfactory neurons

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2
Q

where in the resp tract is there no mucus

A

alveoli

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3
Q

how does dust int eh alveoli get cleared up

A

patrolling macrophages

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4
Q

name a disease that is caught in mucus that doesn’t get destroyed by stomach acid

A

TB

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5
Q

why does gas exchange decrease in bacterial pneumonia

A

alveoli packed full of neutrophils

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6
Q

what is the relevance of the pleural seal

A

keeps intrapleural fluid in -> surface tension

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7
Q

what is the elastic recoil of teh chest?

A

outwards

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8
Q

what is the elastic recoil of the lungs

A

inwards

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9
Q

what is the relative pressure of the intrapleural space

A

slightly negative relative to atmospheric p

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10
Q

what is transpulmonary p. what type of value is it?

A

intrapulmonary p - interpleural p

always positive

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11
Q

what are teh two inversely proportional physical characteristics of lung tissue

A

compliance and elastance

elastance refers to RECOIL

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11
Q

what are teh two inversely proportional physical characteristics of lung tissue

A

compliance and elastance

elastance refers to RECOIL

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12
Q

what are the two types of pneumocytes

A

Type 1: gas exchange
Type 2: secrete surfactant

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13
Q

what does surfactant do

A

stops the alveoli sticking to themselves

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14
Q

how does surfactant work?

A

decrease water surface tension

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15
Q

what is the relative level of surfactant in larger/smaller alveoli

A

less/more

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16
Q

what is the net resistance in SMALL airways

A

it is (unintuitively) high, because they all run in parallel so actually more like one large vessel (think watering can)

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17
Q

do bronchioles have cartilaeg

A

no

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18
Q

how do bronchioles stay open

A

radial traction. The alveoli outside them pull/tether them open

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19
Q

in healthy lungs, how much alveolar dead space would you expect

A

around zero

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20
Q

how much of tidal vol is dead space

A

30%

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21
Q

how do you work out alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal vol-dead space vol) x resp rate

22
Q

what are 5 signs of pneumothorax

A

tachycardia
tachypnoea
hyperresonance
absent breath sounds
hypotension (in tension pneumothorax)

23
Q

what are 3 symptoms of pneumothorax

A

pain
dyspnoea
fatigue

24
Q

what is interstitial disease

A

scar tissue between alveoli

25
Q

what are 3 examples of interstitial disease

A

pulmonary fibrosis
restrictive pulmonary disease
asbestosis/silicosis

26
Q

define restrictive v obstructive lung disease

A

restrictive = interstitial fibrotic - can’t get the air in - decreased compliance
obstructive = increased compliance, decreased elasticity, can’t get the air out

27
Q

3 examples of obstructive diseases

A

asthma
COPD
bronchiostasis

28
Q

what sort of mutation is CF

A

autosomal recessive

29
Q

what does Boyle’s law say

A

pressure of gas is inversely related to the space it occupies

30
Q

what is the name of the remaining air at the end of expiration

A

Functional Residual Capacity

31
Q

what is a histological feature of small bronchi

A

cartilage plates (unlike big bronchi which have cartilage all round, and bronchioles which have no cartilage)

32
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalene
serratus
pectoralis major

33
Q

accessory muslces of expiration

A

rectus abdominus
internal intercostals

34
Q

where are the resp centres in the brain

A

medulla and pons

35
Q

where is the automatic basal breathing rate set

A

Dorsal Resp Group - medulla

36
Q

how does the VRG get activated

A

skeletal muscles send message asking for more oxygen

37
Q

what does the VRG do?

A

stimulates accessory breathing muscles, also stimulates DRG to increase vent. rate

38
Q

what are the other 2 resp centres

A

apneustic and pneumotaxic

39
Q

what does Apneustic do

A

talks to DRG to decrease vent. rate

40
Q

what does pneumotaxic c do?

A

talks to DRG to increase vent.

41
Q

signs and symptoms fo interstitial lung disease

A

clubbing
dyspnoea on exertion progressing to at rest
dry cough
velcro lung crackles
smaller chest expansion on inspiration

42
Q

name a hypoventilation acute condition

A

opiate overdose, head injury

43
Q

name a chronic hypoventilation disease

A

muscular dystrophy, obesity, kyphoscoliosis

44
Q

what is the cause of respiratory distress of the newborn

A

prem baby, not enough surfactant, alveoli stick together

45
Q

label this

A
46
Q

how long is FEV

A

1 sec

47
Q

how long is FVC

A

6 sec

48
Q

what should FEV/FVC be

A

> 0.7

49
Q

what is PEF (peak flow rate)

A

where air is travelling fastest out of the lungs

50
Q

what is DLCO

A

diffusing capacity of Carbon monoxide

51
Q

what is DLCO

A

diffusing capacity of Carbon monoxide

52
Q

what is chronic idiopathic pulmonary hypertension

A

hypertension in pulmonary arteries. Diet pills

CR (12 decks)

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