Respiratory disorders

Question 1

what does mucus in the nose do(2)

Answer 1

traps pathogens
protects olfactory neurons

Question 2

where in the resp tract is there no mucus

Answer 2

alveoli

Question 3

how does dust int eh alveoli get cleared up

Answer 3

patrolling macrophages

Question 4

name a disease that is caught in mucus that doesn’t get destroyed by stomach acid

Answer 4

TB

Question 5

why does gas exchange decrease in bacterial pneumonia

Answer 5

alveoli packed full of neutrophils

Question 6

what is the relevance of the pleural seal

Answer 6

keeps intrapleural fluid in -> surface tension

Question 7

what is the elastic recoil of teh chest?

Answer 7

outwards

Question 8

what is the elastic recoil of the lungs

Answer 8

inwards

Question 9

what is the relative pressure of the intrapleural space

Answer 9

slightly negative relative to atmospheric p

Question 10

what is transpulmonary p. what type of value is it?

Answer 10

intrapulmonary p - interpleural p

always positive

Question 11

what are teh two inversely proportional physical characteristics of lung tissue

Answer 11

compliance and elastance

elastance refers to RECOIL

Question 11

what are teh two inversely proportional physical characteristics of lung tissue

Answer 11

compliance and elastance

elastance refers to RECOIL

Question 12

what are the two types of pneumocytes

Answer 12

Type 1: gas exchange
Type 2: secrete surfactant

Question 13

what does surfactant do

Answer 13

stops the alveoli sticking to themselves

Question 14

how does surfactant work?

Answer 14

decrease water surface tension

Question 15

what is the relative level of surfactant in larger/smaller alveoli

Answer 15

less/more

Question 16

what is the net resistance in SMALL airways

Answer 16

it is (unintuitively) high, because they all run in parallel so actually more like one large vessel (think watering can)

Question 17

do bronchioles have cartilaeg

Answer 17

no

Question 18

how do bronchioles stay open

Answer 18

radial traction. The alveoli outside them pull/tether them open

Question 19

in healthy lungs, how much alveolar dead space would you expect

Answer 19

around zero

Question 20

how much of tidal vol is dead space

Answer 20

30%

Question 21

how do you work out alveolar ventilation

Answer 21

(tidal vol-dead space vol) x resp rate

Question 22

what are 5 signs of pneumothorax

Answer 22

tachycardia
tachypnoea
hyperresonance
absent breath sounds
hypotension (in tension pneumothorax)

Question 23

what are 3 symptoms of pneumothorax

Answer 23

pain
dyspnoea
fatigue

Question 24

what is interstitial disease

Answer 24

scar tissue between alveoli

Question 25

what are 3 examples of interstitial disease

Answer 25

pulmonary fibrosis restrictive pulmonary disease asbestosis/silicosis

Question 26

define restrictive v obstructive lung disease

Answer 26

restrictive = interstitial fibrotic - can't get the air in - decreased compliance obstructive = increased compliance, decreased elasticity, can't get the air out

Question 27

3 examples of obstructive diseases

Answer 27

asthma COPD bronchiostasis

Question 28

what sort of mutation is CF

Answer 28

autosomal recessive

Question 29

what does Boyle's law say

Answer 29

pressure of gas is inversely related to the space it occupies

Question 30

what is the name of the remaining air at the end of expiration

Answer 30

Functional Residual Capacity

Question 31

what is a histological feature of small bronchi

Answer 31

cartilage plates (unlike big bronchi which have cartilage all round, and bronchioles which have no cartilage)

Question 32

accessory muscles of inspiration

Answer 32

sternocleidomastoid scalene serratus pectoralis major

Question 33

accessory muslces of expiration

Answer 33

rectus abdominus internal intercostals

Question 34

where are the resp centres in the brain

Answer 34

medulla and pons

Question 35

where is the automatic basal breathing rate set

Answer 35

Dorsal Resp Group - medulla

Question 36

how does the VRG get activated

Answer 36

skeletal muscles send message asking for more oxygen

Question 37

what does the VRG do?

Answer 37

stimulates accessory breathing muscles, also stimulates DRG to increase vent. rate

Question 38

what are the other 2 resp centres

Answer 38

apneustic and pneumotaxic

Question 39

what does Apneustic do

Answer 39

talks to DRG to decrease vent. rate

Question 40

what does pneumotaxic c do?

Answer 40

talks to DRG to increase vent.

Question 41

signs and symptoms fo interstitial lung disease

Answer 41

clubbing dyspnoea on exertion progressing to at rest dry cough velcro lung crackles smaller chest expansion on inspiration

Question 42

name a hypoventilation acute condition

Answer 42

opiate overdose, head injury

Question 43

name a chronic hypoventilation disease

Answer 43

muscular dystrophy, obesity, kyphoscoliosis

Question 44

what is the cause of respiratory distress of the newborn

Answer 44

prem baby, not enough surfactant, alveoli stick together

Question 45

label this

Answer 45

Question 46

how long is FEV

Answer 46

1 sec

Question 47

how long is FVC

Answer 47

6 sec

Question 48

what should FEV/FVC be

Answer 48

>0.7

Question 49

what is PEF (peak flow rate)

Answer 49

where air is travelling fastest out of the lungs

Question 50

what is DLCO

Answer 50

diffusing capacity of Carbon monoxide

Question 51

what is DLCO

Answer 51

diffusing capacity of Carbon monoxide

Question 52

what is chronic idiopathic pulmonary hypertension

Answer 52

hypertension in pulmonary arteries. Diet pills