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Pathophysiology > Respiratory Diseases + Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases + Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory system

A

nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynyx

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2
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory system

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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3
Q

what does dyspnea mean?

A

labored breathing

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4
Q

what does orthopnea mean?

A

shortness of breath when laying flat (supine position)

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5
Q

what doe apnea mean?

A

temporary not breathing, especially during sleep

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6
Q

what is it called when you listen to a patients’ breathing

A

auscultation

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7
Q

what is tachypnea?

A

rapid respirations

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8
Q

what are Pulmonary function tests?

A

patient exhales into tube hooked up to machine that measures lung volumes. diagnostics of obstruction, show the degree of the disorder

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9
Q

example of what would a chest x-ray show

A

pneumonia

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10
Q

describe rhonchi found during auscultation

A

rattling sounds in bronchi due to obstruction

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11
Q

describe rales found during auscultation

A

“crackles” instead of normal breathing sounds

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12
Q

describe wheezes found during auscultaion

A

“musical sounds” from airway obstruction, due to narrowing of pipes

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13
Q

in what situation would a sputum test be most beneficial

A

infectious disorders

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14
Q

describe arterial blood gas (ABG) test

A

measures acidity (pH), CO2 levels, and O2 levels in the blood from an artery. shows how efficient your lungs are at transferring O2 into blood and remove CO2 from blood

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15
Q

what is the most common of respiratory diseases?

A

upper (UPI)

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16
Q

what is most common cause of UPI?

A

rhinovirus

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17
Q

what is rhinovirus?

A

mild form of flu - no fever, quick recovery, meds to treat symptoms

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18
Q

compare rhinovirus to influenza

A 
rhinovirus = no fever, quick recovery, mild, meds to treat symptoms
influenza = usually febrile, 1-2 wk sickest, more severe, antivirals to treat
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19
Q

what does palliative treatment mean?

A

works to control/treat symptoms, make patient comfortable

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20
Q

treatment for URIs

A

antibiotics for secondary infections, rest, fluids, antipyretics, analgesics

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21
Q

T/F: If patient is experiencing an upper respiratory tract infection, it is best to give them antiviral medications.

A

FALSE. Upper respiratory infections are most commonly caused by the rhinovirus which is a virus. Treatment for URIs would be palliative and give antibiotics for any secondary infections

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22
Q

what are antipyretics

-example?

A

meds to drop body temp

-Acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, NSAIDs (ibuprofen/Advil, naproxen/aleve)

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23
Q

what are analgesics

-example?

A

meds to control pain

-Aspirin, Morphine, Oxycodone)

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24
Q

examples of URIs

A

common cold (acute rhinitis), Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis

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25
Q

describe Hay fever

A

allergic rhinitis, not a virus, caused by some allergen (pollen, grass, dust)

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26
Q

what diseases are secondary to URIs?

A

diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs (Pneumonia, TB)

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27
Q

what increases risk of URIs?

A

age

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28
Q

T/F: Secondary infections to upper respiratory infections are usually more severe than the URI

A

True

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29
Q

describe pathophysiology of asthma

A

bronchi constricting due to the tube narrowing

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30
Q

treatment for asthma

A

determine allergen and administer bronchodilators

31
Q

what are bronchodilators?

A

rescue meds like inhaler

32
Q

describe acute bronchitis

A

short term inflammation of bronchus, fever, tight feeling behind sternum, productive cough

33
Q

what constitutes a productive cough?

A

phlegm (dead WBCs, damaged bronchi cells) coming up with each cough

34
Q

T/F: Acute bronchitis is mostly bacterial

A

False. It is mostly viral

35
Q

treatment for acute bronchitis

A

(palliative) antibiotics for secondary infections, rest, inc fluids, cough syrup, antipyretics

36
Q

T/F: Influenza isn’t contagious

A

False. It is highly contagious by droplet transmission

37
Q

symptoms of influenza

A

fever, body aches (myalgia), chills, headache, cough, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

38
Q

describe treatment for influenza

A

palliative - rest, antipyretics, analgesics, antivirals

39
Q

what is purpose of giving antivirals to patient with influenza?

A

may decrease duration of flu or prevent it during early stages

40
Q

describe COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

A

group of pulmonary diseases primarily due to cigarette smoking

41
Q

what are the 2 common types of COPD

A

chronic bronchitis (asthma) and emphysema

42
Q

how do you test of COPD?

A

chest x-ray, family history, pulmonary function test, arterial blood gases test

43
Q

describe emphysema

A

permanent enlargement + destruction of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole

44
Q

describe chronic bronchitis

A

daily productive cough for 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years

45
Q

causes of barrel chest

A

hyperinflation of lungs

46
Q

would emphysema or chronic bronchitis cause barrel chest in a patient? why?

A

emphysema in the later stages would cause slight barreling of the chest due to the lungs being chronically overinflated with air

47
Q

describe V/Q scan mismatch test

  • what does it measure?
  • how does it work?
A

measures profusion and ventilation in patients, tests for COPD
-patient breathes in radioactive air, image shows where air isn’t going

48
Q

what does V/Q scan show for ventilation?

-what does empty space mean?

A

how much space is filled with air

-empty space means no air is going to that part of lung

49
Q

what does V/Q scan show for perfusion?

-what does empty space mean?

A

how much blood goes to lungs

-empty space means no blood is going to that part of lung

50
Q

You are giving a patient a V/Q scan to test for COPD. The image for perfusion is the same as the image of ventilation. What does this mean?

A

When images are the same, the patient is healthy.

51
Q

When giving a patient V/Q scan, you notice their perfusion image isn’t complete. What can you conclude from this information? How did you conclude this?

A

they have a pulmonary embolism. Since the perfusion image measures how much blood is going to the lungs, when the image is incomplete it means there isn’t enough blood being supplied to the lungs. This is most commonly caused by a clot.

52
Q

what is pulmonary embolism

A

one or more arteries in the lungs are blocked by a blood clot

53
Q

When giving a patient a V/Q scan test, you notice their ventilation image is incomplete. What does this mean? Why?

A

they have COPD. since the ventilation image shows how much O2 is being supplied to the lungs, an incomplete image can be caused by damage to the alveoli in your lungs

54
Q

what are symptomatic treatments for COPD

A

bronchodilators (rescue meds), mucolytics (musinex), cough suppressants

55
Q

what does it mean if a patient has high hematocrit?

A

(increased hemoglobin) patient has higher demand for oxygen, smoking or exercising

56
Q

what does it mean if patient has normally low or low hematocrit?

A

(decreased hemoglobin) normally low hemoglobin isn’t always sign of illness. low hemoglobin is usually linked with disease that your body doesn’t produce enough RBCs (aplastic anemia, Hodgkin’s disease, cancer, lymphoma, cirrhosis)

57
Q

what can cause low hematocrit level? why?

A

smoking bc lungs are trying to compensate for damage to lung alveoli by creating more RBCs to carry more O2

58
Q

describe pneumonia

A

inflammation of bronchioles + alveoli due to infection by bacteria, virus

59
Q

what is pneumonitis?

A

inflammation without the infection from bacteria or virus

60
Q

T/F: COPD/Emphysema is secondary to pneumonia

A

False. Pneumonia is secondary to COPD/Emphysema

61
Q

While performing auscultation on patient with known pneumonia, what would you expect to hear?

A

nothing, breathing sounds would be silent

62
Q

Why would you expect silent breathing sounds in a patient with pneumonia?

A

because they have fluid collection in their alveoli = no gas exchange

63
Q

what is consolidation?

A

fluid is stuffed in one place

64
Q

T/F: Consolidation is secondary to pneumonia.

A

False. Pneumonia is secondary to consolidation because the fluid must collect in one place before you can classify it as pneumonia

65
Q

how do you diagnose pneumonia? what is most reliable way and why?

A

history and physical, chest X-ray, sputum culture

-chest xray is most reliable way because it will show the consolidation

66
Q

treatment for pneumonia

A

depends on the cause and invader, give broad-spectrum drugs

67
Q

what causes bacterial tuberculosis?

A 
primary = infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
secondary = infection from outside infected source
68
Q

how is pulmonary tuberculosis transmitted?

A

ONLY PEOPLE WITH ACTIVE TB CAN SPREAD, droplet transmission, breathing air infected with bacteria, coughing, sneezing

69
Q

If you suspect a patient has TB, how would you test for it?

A

skin testing (PPD), chest X-ray, sputum culture

70
Q

what is the most reliable test for TB?

A

sputum culture

71
Q

what are tubercles?

A

seen on X-ray for TB, parts of lungs surrounded by scar tissue

72
Q

symptoms for pulmonary TB

A

non-specific = elevated and erythema on skin, redness of eyes (conjunctivitis)

73
Q

T/F: TB is considered an opportunistic infection.

A

True. Those with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to infection

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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