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Pathophysiology > Respiratory Diseases + Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases + Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory system

A

nose, mouth, sinuses, pharynx, larynyx

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2
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory system

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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3
Q

what does dyspnea mean?

A

labored breathing

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4
Q

what does orthopnea mean?

A

shortness of breath when laying flat (supine position)

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5
Q

what doe apnea mean?

A

temporary not breathing, especially during sleep

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6
Q

what is it called when you listen to a patients’ breathing

A

auscultation

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7
Q

what is tachypnea?

A

rapid respirations

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8
Q

what are Pulmonary function tests?

A

patient exhales into tube hooked up to machine that measures lung volumes. diagnostics of obstruction, show the degree of the disorder

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9
Q

example of what would a chest x-ray show

A

pneumonia

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10
Q

describe rhonchi found during auscultation

A

rattling sounds in bronchi due to obstruction

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11
Q

describe rales found during auscultation

A

“crackles” instead of normal breathing sounds

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12
Q

describe wheezes found during auscultaion

A

“musical sounds” from airway obstruction, due to narrowing of pipes

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13
Q

in what situation would a sputum test be most beneficial

A

infectious disorders

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14
Q

describe arterial blood gas (ABG) test

A

measures acidity (pH), CO2 levels, and O2 levels in the blood from an artery. shows how efficient your lungs are at transferring O2 into blood and remove CO2 from blood

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15
Q

what is the most common of respiratory diseases?

A

upper (UPI)

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16
Q

what is most common cause of UPI?

A

rhinovirus

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17
Q

what is rhinovirus?

A

mild form of flu - no fever, quick recovery, meds to treat symptoms

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18
Q

compare rhinovirus to influenza

A 
rhinovirus = no fever, quick recovery, mild, meds to treat symptoms
influenza = usually febrile, 1-2 wk sickest, more severe, antivirals to treat
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19
Q

what does palliative treatment mean?

A

works to control/treat symptoms, make patient comfortable

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20
Q

treatment for URIs

A

antibiotics for secondary infections, rest, fluids, antipyretics, analgesics

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21
Q

T/F: If patient is experiencing an upper respiratory tract infection, it is best to give them antiviral medications.

A

FALSE. Upper respiratory infections are most commonly caused by the rhinovirus which is a virus. Treatment for URIs would be palliative and give antibiotics for any secondary infections

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22
Q

what are antipyretics

-example?

A

meds to drop body temp

-Acetaminophen (Tylenol), aspirin, NSAIDs (ibuprofen/Advil, naproxen/aleve)

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23
Q

what are analgesics

-example?

A

meds to control pain

-Aspirin, Morphine, Oxycodone)

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24
Q

examples of URIs

A

common cold (acute rhinitis), Hay fever (allergic rhinitis), sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis

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25
describe Hay fever
allergic rhinitis, not a virus, caused by some allergen (pollen, grass, dust)
26
what diseases are secondary to URIs?
diseases of the Bronchi and Lungs (Pneumonia, TB)
27
what increases risk of URIs?
age
28
T/F: Secondary infections to upper respiratory infections are usually more severe than the URI
True
29
describe pathophysiology of asthma
bronchi constricting due to the tube narrowing
30
treatment for asthma
determine allergen and administer bronchodilators
31
what are bronchodilators?
rescue meds like inhaler
32
describe acute bronchitis
short term inflammation of bronchus, fever, tight feeling behind sternum, productive cough
33
what constitutes a productive cough?
phlegm (dead WBCs, damaged bronchi cells) coming up with each cough
34
T/F: Acute bronchitis is mostly bacterial
False. It is mostly viral
35
treatment for acute bronchitis
(palliative) antibiotics for secondary infections, rest, inc fluids, cough syrup, antipyretics
36
T/F: Influenza isn't contagious
False. It is highly contagious by droplet transmission
37
symptoms of influenza
fever, body aches (myalgia), chills, headache, cough, runny nose, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
38
describe treatment for influenza
palliative - rest, antipyretics, analgesics, antivirals
39
what is purpose of giving antivirals to patient with influenza?
may decrease duration of flu or prevent it during early stages
40
describe COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
group of pulmonary diseases primarily due to cigarette smoking
41
what are the 2 common types of COPD
chronic bronchitis (asthma) and emphysema
42
how do you test of COPD?
chest x-ray, family history, pulmonary function test, arterial blood gases test
43
describe emphysema
permanent enlargement + destruction of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole
44
describe chronic bronchitis
daily productive cough for 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years
45
causes of barrel chest
hyperinflation of lungs
46
would emphysema or chronic bronchitis cause barrel chest in a patient? why?
emphysema in the later stages would cause slight barreling of the chest due to the lungs being chronically overinflated with air
47
describe V/Q scan mismatch test - what does it measure? - how does it work?
measures profusion and ventilation in patients, tests for COPD -patient breathes in radioactive air, image shows where air isn't going
48
what does V/Q scan show for ventilation? | -what does empty space mean?
how much space is filled with air | -empty space means no air is going to that part of lung
49
what does V/Q scan show for perfusion? | -what does empty space mean?
how much blood goes to lungs | -empty space means no blood is going to that part of lung
50
You are giving a patient a V/Q scan to test for COPD. The image for perfusion is the same as the image of ventilation. What does this mean?
When images are the same, the patient is healthy.
51
When giving a patient V/Q scan, you notice their perfusion image isn't complete. What can you conclude from this information? How did you conclude this?
they have a pulmonary embolism. Since the perfusion image measures how much blood is going to the lungs, when the image is incomplete it means there isn't enough blood being supplied to the lungs. This is most commonly caused by a clot.
52
what is pulmonary embolism
one or more arteries in the lungs are blocked by a blood clot
53
When giving a patient a V/Q scan test, you notice their ventilation image is incomplete. What does this mean? Why?
they have COPD. since the ventilation image shows how much O2 is being supplied to the lungs, an incomplete image can be caused by damage to the alveoli in your lungs
54
what are symptomatic treatments for COPD
bronchodilators (rescue meds), mucolytics (musinex), cough suppressants
55
what does it mean if a patient has high hematocrit?
(increased hemoglobin) patient has higher demand for oxygen, smoking or exercising
56
what does it mean if patient has normally low or low hematocrit?
(decreased hemoglobin) normally low hemoglobin isn't always sign of illness. low hemoglobin is usually linked with disease that your body doesn't produce enough RBCs (aplastic anemia, Hodgkin's disease, cancer, lymphoma, cirrhosis)
57
what can cause low hematocrit level? why?
smoking bc lungs are trying to compensate for damage to lung alveoli by creating more RBCs to carry more O2
58
describe pneumonia
inflammation of bronchioles + alveoli due to infection by bacteria, virus
59
what is pneumonitis?
inflammation without the infection from bacteria or virus
60
T/F: COPD/Emphysema is secondary to pneumonia
False. Pneumonia is secondary to COPD/Emphysema
61
While performing auscultation on patient with known pneumonia, what would you expect to hear?
nothing, breathing sounds would be silent
62
Why would you expect silent breathing sounds in a patient with pneumonia?
because they have fluid collection in their alveoli = no gas exchange
63
what is consolidation?
fluid is stuffed in one place
64
T/F: Consolidation is secondary to pneumonia.
False. Pneumonia is secondary to consolidation because the fluid must collect in one place before you can classify it as pneumonia
65
how do you diagnose pneumonia? what is most reliable way and why?
history and physical, chest X-ray, sputum culture | -chest xray is most reliable way because it will show the consolidation
66
treatment for pneumonia
depends on the cause and invader, give broad-spectrum drugs
67
what causes bacterial tuberculosis?
``` primary = infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis secondary = infection from outside infected source ```
68
how is pulmonary tuberculosis transmitted?
ONLY PEOPLE WITH ACTIVE TB CAN SPREAD, droplet transmission, breathing air infected with bacteria, coughing, sneezing
69
If you suspect a patient has TB, how would you test for it?
skin testing (PPD), chest X-ray, sputum culture
70
what is the most reliable test for TB?
sputum culture
71
what are tubercles?
seen on X-ray for TB, parts of lungs surrounded by scar tissue
72
symptoms for pulmonary TB
non-specific = elevated and erythema on skin, redness of eyes (conjunctivitis)
73
T/F: TB is considered an opportunistic infection.
True. Those with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to infection

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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