Exam 2 study guide Flashcards
what is acidosis?
pH is low (higher acidity)
what is metabolic acidosis?
high H, low HCO3, low PCO2
condition of metabolic acidosis
diarrhea (losing a lot of your bases)
what is respiratory acidosis?
high PCO2, high H, high HCO3
condition of respiratory acidosis
COPD
what is partial compensation
all values are abnormal (ROME)
what is ROME
respiratory = abnormal value is opposite of pH metabolic = abnormal value is equal to pH
what is complete (total) compensation?
pH is normal, abnormal PCO2 and HCO3
what does uncompensation mean?
pH and another value are abnormal
name this ABG:
pH = 7.20
PCO2 = 30
HCO3 = 24
pH = low (acidosis)
PCO2 = low (alkalosis)
HCO3 = normal
uncompensated respiratory alkalosis
name this ABG:
pH = 7.4
PCO2 = 40
HCO3 = 29
pH = normal
PCO2 = normal
HCO3 = high (alkalosis)
Compensated metabolic alkalosis
name this ABG:
pH = 7.30
PCO2 = 49
HCO3 = 20
pH = normal
PCO2 = high (acidosis)
HCO3 = low (acidosis)
Compensated respiratory acidosis
function of Ca
clotting, muscle contraction
function of Mg
DNA replication, mRNA production, muscle relaxant
function of K
control resting potential
function of Na
regulate extracellular fluid volume, osmolarity
function of ADH
decrease urine production
describe diabetes insipidus
-2 types
not enough ADH
neurogenic = not enough production
nephrogenic = produce enough but no response
RAAS process
Renin (kidneys) + Angiotensinogen (liver) = angiotensin 1 + ACE (lungs) = angiotensin 2
what is SIADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH, too much ADH = decrease in urination
what number determines btw hyper/hypotonic solutions?
above 0.9% = hyper
below 0.9% = hypo
describe hypertonic solution
water moves from intracellular space to intravascular space = cell shrinks
describe hypotonic solution
water moves inside cell = bursts
function of albumin
colloid osmotic pressure (holds stuff inside)
describe acute renal failure
short term, sudden loss of kidney function, reversible
describe chronic renal failure
long term, irreversible
what are tubular epithelial cells
cells that make up outer layer of renal tissue
what is acute tubular necrosis
death of tubular epithelial cells
describe acute pre renal failure
-cause?
disruption of blood flow on way to (before) kidneys
-dec BP, dehydration, heart disfunction
describe intrinsic renal failure
-cause
direct structural damage to kidneys
-dec blood supply, renal inflammation, toxic injury
describe postrenal failure
-cause
affect urine excretion
-ureter obstruction, tumors, bladder obstruction/dysfunction
comorbidities for chronic renal failure
diabetes mellitus (type 1 & 2), hypertension
stages of chronic renal failure
1- normal function 2- inc urination, decreased refiltration 3- renal insufficiencies 4- severe function loss, can't regulate filtration, jaundice? 5- affects other organs
purpose of BUN
indicates kidney and liver function
what are casts?
dead cells of tubular epithelial cells
describe TNM system
Tumor size, Nodes that are affected, Metastasis to other tissues
what is angiogenesis?
creation of new blood vessels that supplies blood to tumors
example of tumor suppressor factors
intake of antioxidants bc they reduce free radicals
what are tumor suppressor genes
stop cell cycle, promote apoptosis
name 6 hallmarks of cancer
makes own growth signals, no response to anti-growth signals, apoptosis doesn’t work, reproduce uncontrollably, angiogenesis, metastasis
what is paraneoplastic syndrome?
symptoms of cancer but not cancer
T/F: Cell thats more anaplastic is differentiated
false, cell that is more anaplastic is harder to tell from other cells (undifferentiated)
classification of males for anemia
hematocrit less than 41%
classification of females for anemia
hematocrit less than 37%
what is B12 deficiency
aka pernicious anemia + mesoblastic anemia, large and immature RBCs, dec intrinsic factor
what is intrinsic factor
protein made in stomach for B12 absorption
purpose of aldosterone
increase urination
