Ch. 13 - Integumentary Function (Week 10) Flashcards
what constitutes the integumentary system?
skin, nails, hair, mucous membranes, glands
what is flora?
on the skin, mostly bacteria and fungi that create opportunistic infections during a skin injury
describe size of skin
15% of body weight
functions of integumentary system:
protection, immunity, temperature regulation, water balance
3 levels of skin from top to bottom
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what makes up hypodermis?
soft and fatty tissue, BV, nerves, immune cells
T/F: hypodermis is highly innervated
true. since it is the lowest layer of the skin, it is the closest to main blood vessels
type of cells that make up epidermis
squamous epithelia
what makes up the dermis layer?
dense irregular connective tissue, very little fat, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, BV, lymphatic vessels
what layer of skin contains lymphatic vessels?
dermis
where do new skin cells come from?
begin in the innermost layer and make their way up
how many dead cell sheets make up the outermost layers?
often 25
where do keratin and melanin come from?
outermost layers of epidermis
function of keratin
protein for skin strength
function of melanin
skin pigment, protects from UV rays, development of certain optical nerves
what produces sebum
sebaceous glands
function of sebum
moisturize skin
what gland secrete sweat?
eccrine/ merocrine
when does eccrine/merocrine gland produce sweat?
in response to sympathetic nervous system
purpose of apocrine gland
open into hair follicles in the axillae (armpit), scalp, face, external genitalia
what type of integumentary disorder are birthmarks?
congenital
what causes congenital integumentary disorders?
errors in fetal development
types of birthmarks
vascular and pigmented
describe vascular birthmark
caused by blood vessels not formed properly, generally red
types of vascular birthmarks
macular, hemangioma, port-wine stain
usual locations of macular birthmarks
head, neck, face
what do macular birthmarks look like?
flat, faint red marks (like Mike)
T/F: Macular birthmarks will never go away.
false. mostly they will fade before age 2 without treatment, possible to last into adulthood
usual locations of hemangiomas
head and neck but can be present on any body part
describe appearance of hemangiomas
bright red patch or nodule of extra blood vessels in skin
how would deep hemangioma birthmarks appear compared to superficial hemangiomas? why?
deeper ones would have bluish color
-bc they’re closer to blood vessels
usual location of port-wine stain birthmarks
face, neck, arms, legs
describe appearance of port-wine stains
looks like wine was spilled on skin, grow as patient grows, any size
describe appearance of port-wine stains if left untreated
darken and thicken over time, cobblestone texture
potential treatment options for patient with port-wine stain
laser treatment to lighten marks
cause of pigmented birthmarks
cluster of pigment cells
what type of birthmark is café au lait spots?
pigmented
describe appearance of café au lait spot birthmarks
color of coffee with milk
usual locations for café au lait spot birthmarks
anywhere on body
when are café au lait spots a concern?
-what might this be a sign of?
when patient has more than one spot thats larger than a quarter
-neurofibromatosis
types of pigmented birthmarks
café au lait spots, mongolian spots
appearance of mongolian spots
flat, bluish-gray patches
usual locations for mongolian spots
lower back, butt
what individuals are most prone to having mongolian spots
those with darker complexions, asian, indian, black, hispanic, southern european
general term for congenital nevi/hairy nevi
mole
name of mole thats present @ birth
-does this one go away?
congenital nevus
-present for life
what are disorders of melanin?
albinism + vitiligo
describe albinism
recessive condition, little/no melanin production
result of little/no melanin production
lack of pigment in skin, hair, iris of eye
types of albinism + causes
-difference at birth?
type 1: defects affecting melanin production
type 2: defect in P gene, patient has slight coloring at birth
what is the most severe form of albinism
-appearance?
oculocutaneous albinism
-white/pink hair, skin, iris color
what is ocular albinism type 1?
only affects eyes
-patient has normal skin and eye color but eye exam reveals no color of retina
what is hermansky-pudlak syndrome?
form of albinism caused by a single gene, occurs with a bleeding disorder, lung and bowel diseases
what are types of albinism that lead to color loss in certain areas? (localized albinism)
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg’s syndrome
what are some vision problems associated with albinism?
nystagmus (rapid, involuntary back-and-forth eye movement), strabismus (eyes can’t look at same point, move together), extreme near/farsightedness, photophobia, astigmatism, functional blindness
what is nystagmus?
rapid, involuntary back-and-forth eye movement
what is strabismus?
eyes can’t focus on same point or move together
Patient informs you that they suffer from a stigmatism. What does this mean? common symptom?
abnormal shape of cornea
-blurry vision
describe appearance of vitiligo
enlarging white patchy areas of hypopigmentation
why does vitiligo occur?
melanin-producing cells die or no longer make it
cause of vitiligo
-potential causes
unknown
-pernicious anemia, Additions disease, hypothyroidism
usual locations of vitiligo
sun exposed areas, mostly face, hands, feet, arms, lips
patterns of vitiligo appearance
local (one or few areas), segmental (one side of body), generalized (widespread, usually symmetrical)
location of lentigo/liver spots/age spots
sun exposed areas
changes in skin as result of aging
loss of elasticity and strength, less moist, fragile dermis blood vessels, increase of bruising, cherry angiomas,
difference in sebum production in men + women
men - minimal decrease after 80
women - gradual decline after menopause
what are skin tags
soft brown or skin colored masses usually on neck
causes of skin tags
obesity or diabetes mellitus
T/F: Inflammatory Integumentary Disorders are contagious
False
T/F: Inflammatory integumentary disorders only occur in isolation.
False. they may occur in conjunction with other conditions
what is pruritus?
severe itching
what is a vesicle?
blister
difference btw contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis
- contact dermatitis: involves immune system
- irritant contact dermatitis: doesn’t involve immune system, only inflammatory response
when does reaction appear from allergic contact dermatitis?
24-48hrs after exposure
what type of reaction is contact dermatitis?
acute inflammatory
what type of reaction is atopic eczema?
chronic inflammatory condition
Patient comes in with skin discoloration, erythema, pruritus, cracked/scaly skin and red to brownish-gray patches on skin. They test positive in an allergy skin test. Based on this one test, can you rule out atopic eczema?
No. Although atopic eczema is not caused by allergies, patient will test positive during a allergy skin test.
complications of atopic eczema
conjunctivitis, skin bacterial infections, neurodermatitis (permanent scaring/discoloration from chronic scratching) eye problems
common locations for atopic eczema in children
face, scalp, hands, feet
common locations for atopic eczema in older children and adults
knows and elbows
Fare skin patient comes in with complaints of photophobia and frequent sunburns but has normal skin tone. You conduct an eye exam and find that they have no coloring of the retina. What is the next step in diagnosis?
lack of coloring in the retina is sign of ocular albinism type 1
