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Pathophysiology > Ch. 13 - Integumentary Function (Week 10) > Flashcards

Ch. 13 - Integumentary Function (Week 10) Flashcards

1
Q

what constitutes the integumentary system?

A

skin, nails, hair, mucous membranes, glands

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2
Q

what is flora?

A

on the skin, mostly bacteria and fungi that create opportunistic infections during a skin injury

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3
Q

describe size of skin

A

15% of body weight

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4
Q

functions of integumentary system:

A

protection, immunity, temperature regulation, water balance

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5
Q

3 levels of skin from top to bottom

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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6
Q

what makes up hypodermis?

A

soft and fatty tissue, BV, nerves, immune cells

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7
Q

T/F: hypodermis is highly innervated

A

true. since it is the lowest layer of the skin, it is the closest to main blood vessels

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8
Q

type of cells that make up epidermis

A

squamous epithelia

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9
Q

what makes up the dermis layer?

A

dense irregular connective tissue, very little fat, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, BV, lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

what layer of skin contains lymphatic vessels?

A

dermis

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11
Q

where do new skin cells come from?

A

begin in the innermost layer and make their way up

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12
Q

how many dead cell sheets make up the outermost layers?

A

often 25

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13
Q

where do keratin and melanin come from?

A

outermost layers of epidermis

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14
Q

function of keratin

A

protein for skin strength

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15
Q

function of melanin

A

skin pigment, protects from UV rays, development of certain optical nerves

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16
Q

what produces sebum

A

sebaceous glands

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17
Q

function of sebum

A

moisturize skin

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18
Q

what gland secrete sweat?

A

eccrine/ merocrine

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19
Q

when does eccrine/merocrine gland produce sweat?

A

in response to sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

purpose of apocrine gland

A

open into hair follicles in the axillae (armpit), scalp, face, external genitalia

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21
Q

what type of integumentary disorder are birthmarks?

A

congenital

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22
Q

what causes congenital integumentary disorders?

A

errors in fetal development

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23
Q

types of birthmarks

A

vascular and pigmented

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24
Q

describe vascular birthmark

A

caused by blood vessels not formed properly, generally red

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25
Q

types of vascular birthmarks

A

macular, hemangioma, port-wine stain

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26
Q

usual locations of macular birthmarks

A

head, neck, face

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27
Q

what do macular birthmarks look like?

A

flat, faint red marks (like Mike)

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28
Q

T/F: Macular birthmarks will never go away.

A

false. mostly they will fade before age 2 without treatment, possible to last into adulthood

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29
Q

usual locations of hemangiomas

A

head and neck but can be present on any body part

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30
Q

describe appearance of hemangiomas

A

bright red patch or nodule of extra blood vessels in skin

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31
Q

how would deep hemangioma birthmarks appear compared to superficial hemangiomas? why?

A

deeper ones would have bluish color

-bc they’re closer to blood vessels

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32
Q

usual location of port-wine stain birthmarks

A

face, neck, arms, legs

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33
Q

describe appearance of port-wine stains

A

looks like wine was spilled on skin, grow as patient grows, any size

34
Q

describe appearance of port-wine stains if left untreated

A

darken and thicken over time, cobblestone texture

35
Q

potential treatment options for patient with port-wine stain

A

laser treatment to lighten marks

36
Q

cause of pigmented birthmarks

A

cluster of pigment cells

37
Q

what type of birthmark is café au lait spots?

A

pigmented

38
Q

describe appearance of café au lait spot birthmarks

A

color of coffee with milk

39
Q

usual locations for café au lait spot birthmarks

A

anywhere on body

40
Q

when are café au lait spots a concern?

-what might this be a sign of?

A

when patient has more than one spot thats larger than a quarter
-neurofibromatosis

41
Q

types of pigmented birthmarks

A

café au lait spots, mongolian spots

42
Q

appearance of mongolian spots

A

flat, bluish-gray patches

43
Q

usual locations for mongolian spots

A

lower back, butt

44
Q

what individuals are most prone to having mongolian spots

A

those with darker complexions, asian, indian, black, hispanic, southern european

45
Q

general term for congenital nevi/hairy nevi

A

mole

46
Q

name of mole thats present @ birth

-does this one go away?

A

congenital nevus

-present for life

47
Q

what are disorders of melanin?

A

albinism + vitiligo

48
Q

describe albinism

A

recessive condition, little/no melanin production

49
Q

result of little/no melanin production

A

lack of pigment in skin, hair, iris of eye

50
Q

types of albinism + causes

-difference at birth?

A

type 1: defects affecting melanin production

type 2: defect in P gene, patient has slight coloring at birth

51
Q

what is the most severe form of albinism

-appearance?

A

oculocutaneous albinism

-white/pink hair, skin, iris color

52
Q

what is ocular albinism type 1?

A

only affects eyes

-patient has normal skin and eye color but eye exam reveals no color of retina

53
Q

what is hermansky-pudlak syndrome?

A

form of albinism caused by a single gene, occurs with a bleeding disorder, lung and bowel diseases

54
Q

what are types of albinism that lead to color loss in certain areas? (localized albinism)

A

Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg’s syndrome

55
Q

what are some vision problems associated with albinism?

A

nystagmus (rapid, involuntary back-and-forth eye movement), strabismus (eyes can’t look at same point, move together), extreme near/farsightedness, photophobia, astigmatism, functional blindness

56
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

rapid, involuntary back-and-forth eye movement

57
Q

what is strabismus?

A

eyes can’t focus on same point or move together

58
Q

Patient informs you that they suffer from a stigmatism. What does this mean? common symptom?

A

abnormal shape of cornea

-blurry vision

59
Q

describe appearance of vitiligo

A

enlarging white patchy areas of hypopigmentation

60
Q

why does vitiligo occur?

A

melanin-producing cells die or no longer make it

61
Q

cause of vitiligo

-potential causes

A

unknown

-pernicious anemia, Additions disease, hypothyroidism

62
Q

usual locations of vitiligo

A

sun exposed areas, mostly face, hands, feet, arms, lips

63
Q

patterns of vitiligo appearance

A

local (one or few areas), segmental (one side of body), generalized (widespread, usually symmetrical)

64
Q

location of lentigo/liver spots/age spots

A

sun exposed areas

65
Q

changes in skin as result of aging

A

loss of elasticity and strength, less moist, fragile dermis blood vessels, increase of bruising, cherry angiomas,

66
Q

difference in sebum production in men + women

A

men - minimal decrease after 80

women - gradual decline after menopause

67
Q

what are skin tags

A

soft brown or skin colored masses usually on neck

68
Q

causes of skin tags

A

obesity or diabetes mellitus

69
Q

T/F: Inflammatory Integumentary Disorders are contagious

A

False

70
Q

T/F: Inflammatory integumentary disorders only occur in isolation.

A

False. they may occur in conjunction with other conditions

71
Q

what is pruritus?

A

severe itching

72
Q

what is a vesicle?

A

blister

73
Q

difference btw contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis

A
  • contact dermatitis: involves immune system

- irritant contact dermatitis: doesn’t involve immune system, only inflammatory response

74
Q

when does reaction appear from allergic contact dermatitis?

A

24-48hrs after exposure

75
Q

what type of reaction is contact dermatitis?

A

acute inflammatory

76
Q

what type of reaction is atopic eczema?

A

chronic inflammatory condition

77
Q

Patient comes in with skin discoloration, erythema, pruritus, cracked/scaly skin and red to brownish-gray patches on skin. They test positive in an allergy skin test. Based on this one test, can you rule out atopic eczema?

A

No. Although atopic eczema is not caused by allergies, patient will test positive during a allergy skin test.

78
Q

complications of atopic eczema

A

conjunctivitis, skin bacterial infections, neurodermatitis (permanent scaring/discoloration from chronic scratching) eye problems

79
Q

common locations for atopic eczema in children

A

face, scalp, hands, feet

80
Q

common locations for atopic eczema in older children and adults

A

knows and elbows

81
Q

Fare skin patient comes in with complaints of photophobia and frequent sunburns but has normal skin tone. You conduct an eye exam and find that they have no coloring of the retina. What is the next step in diagnosis?

A

lack of coloring in the retina is sign of ocular albinism type 1

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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