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SA Disease Yr2 > Respiratory diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity in respiration?

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Warms + moistens inhaled air
  3. Filters air
  4. Allows O2 to pass into body + olfactory system (respiratory tract)
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2
Q

What is the function of the trachea + bronchi/bronchioles in respiration?

A
  1. Efficent air flow
  2. Transports air
  3. Passage in + out of the lungs
  4. Part of conducting air towards the lungs, from upper airway + nasal cavity
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3
Q

What is the function of the alveoli in respiration?

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Gas exchange
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4
Q

What 3 main characteristics of the alveoli allows for gas exchange of respired gases?

A
  1. Large surface area
  2. Thin walls
  3. Lots of surrounding capillaries
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5
Q

What is URTD?

A

Upper Respiratory Tract Disease

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6
Q

What defines URTD?

A

Anything that occurs between the nares + the bronchi
(before the lungs)

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7
Q

Define URTD

A

Diseases affecting the nasal passages + pharynx/layrnx/trachea

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8
Q

Identify the 4 potential structures of the respiratory system that is involved with URTD

A
  1. Nasal passages/nares
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
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9
Q

13..

List as many potential clinical signs of URTD as you can

A
  1. Dyspnoea
  2. Coughing
  3. Sneezing
  4. Nasal discharge
  5. Facial swelling
  6. Eye discharge (seen in cat flu)
  7. Conjuncitivitis
  8. Stertor (snoring)
  9. Stridor (high pitched whistle, seen w/layrngeal paralysis)
  10. Sinusitis
  11. Cyanosis (complete obstruction)
  12. Rubbing face
  13. Rhinitis (Inflammation)
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10
Q

What measures can be taken to aid patients with Dyspnoea?

A
  • Oxygen support - flow-by, O2 tent/kennel, mask
  • Keep calm + in a quiet area
    (Like anaemic px care)
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11
Q

What are the 2 forms of nasal discharge?

A
  1. Unilateral
  2. Bilateral
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12
Q

What is unilateral nasal discharge a potential sign of?

A
  1. Localised infection
  2. Tumour
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13
Q

What is biilateral nasal discharge a potential sign of?

A

Generalised infection

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14
Q

What does serous nasal discharge indicate?

A

Allergies

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15
Q

What does serous discharge look like?

A

Serum-like

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16
Q

What does mucoid/mucus nasal discharge indicate?

A

Upper respiratory infection

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17
Q

What does mucoid discharge look like?

A

Clear + viscous

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18
Q

What does mucopurulent nasal discharge indicate?

A

Infection

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19
Q

What does mucopurulent discharge look like?

A
  • Mucus
  • Contains pus
  • Very viscous
  • Yellow or green colour
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20
Q

What does epistaxis indicate?

A

Bleeding from the nares or bloody dischargee

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21
Q

What can epistaxis indicate?

A
  • Deep-seated nasal cavity infection
    or
  • Nasal cavity tumour
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22
Q

List 10 potential causes of URTD!

A
  1. FURD (Feline Upper Respiratory Disease)
  2. Foreign body
  3. Tumour (neoplasia)
  4. Allergies
  5. Trauma
  6. CCRD (Canine Contagious Respiratory Disease)
  7. Bacterial or fungal infections (Aspergillosis)
  8. UROS (Upper Respiratory Obstructive Airway Syndrome) - Brachycephalics
  9. Layrngeal paralysis
  10. Tracheal collapse
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23
Q

Plot twist…

What does this cat have?

A

Feline Herpes Virus!

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24
Q

What type of disease is Laryngeal paralysis?

A

Degenerative

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25
Q

What is the aetiology of Laryngeal paralysis?

A
  • Common in middle > old age dogs
  • Larger breeds - Golden retriever
  • Idiopathic
  • May be due to nerve damage due to trauma, neoplasa or iatrogenic damage
  • Sometimes part of wider nervous system dysfunction = Polyneuropathy
  • Some dogs with hypothyroidism
  • Less common - congenital
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26
Q

What breeds are predisposed to laryngeal paralysis?

A
  • Labradors
  • Golden retrievers
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27
Q

When do larger breeds most commonly present with (Laryngeal Paralysis) LP?

A

Middle > old age, usually last 1/3 of life

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28
Q

True or False.

Laryngeal paralysis is not idiopathic.

A

False - it is!

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29
Q

What disease of the URT can be caused either idiopathically or due to nerve damage, from trauma or neoplasia?

A

Laryngeal paralysis

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30
Q

What URTD can some dogs with present with, with Hypothyroidism?

A

Laryngeal paralysis

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31
Q

True or False.

LP can be congential.

A

True!
Rare, but it has occured.

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32
Q

What URTD may this breed be predisposed to?

A

LP!

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33
Q

Identify the pathophysiology of LP

A
  • Damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve(s) that supply the muscles of the larynx (move vocal cords)
  • Leads to failure of vocal folds to open fully during inspiration (aryyteenoid cartilages do not abduct fully)
  • Inspiration becomes difficult as vocal cords remain in closed position > dysponea
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34
Q

What URTD occurs due to recurrent damage to the laryngeal nerves that supply the muscles of the larynx?

A

LP

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35
Q

How do patients with LP develop dyspnoea?

A

Due to damage to the laryngeal nerve(s), the vocal cords can’t open fully during insipration and remain in a closed position

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36
Q

What are the 5 main clinical signs seen in LP

A

Cough that progresses to..
1. Increased resp noise (stridor) = roar/whistle
2. Exercise intolerance
3. Change in voice
4. Problems swallowing food/water
5. Acute collapse + respiratory distress

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37
Q

True or False.

LP can have an acute onset but may present progressively - particulary in hot or cold weather.

A

False - slow onset + can present acutely in hot or cold water or after exertion

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38
Q

Why may a patient with LP present as hyperthermic?

A

Because they are unable to cool down as efficently, due to dyspnoea, as struggling to breathe, so the body will compensate to try and gain more oxygen!

39
Q

How is LP diagnosed?

A
  1. Presenting clinical signs
  2. Full neurological exam (establish if polyneuropathy present)
  3. Laryngoscopy (Sedation, laryngoscope or endoscope to visualise vocal cords during inspiration)
  4. Bloods - rule out other metabolic condtions such as hypothyroidism
40
Q

What are the 4 treatment options for acute presentations of LP?

A
  1. Oxygen support
  2. Potential sedation
  3. Cooling down
  4. Tracheostomy
41
Q

What are the 2 treatment options for chronic presentations of LP?

A
  1. Conservative = weight loss, exercise control + NSAIDs
  2. Surgical= ‘tie-back’ technique or partial laryngectomy

Surgery - may require refferal

42
Q

List the methods of conservative tx for LP

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Exercise control
  3. NSAIDs
43
Q

List the methods of surgical tx for LP

A
  1. Tie-back sx
  2. Partial laryngectomy
44
Q

What URTD may this dog most likey to suffer from?

A

BAOS
(Bracycephalic Upper Respiratory Obstruction Syndrome)

45
Q

What is the aetiology of BOAS?

A
  • Hereditary
  • Congenital
  • Bracycephalic breeds
46
Q

What is the pathophysiology of BOAS?

A

Related to confromation issues..

  1. Narrowing of layrngeal openings
  2. Stenotic nares
  3. Elongated soft-palate
  4. Varying degrees of tracheal hypoplasia
  • Narrowing of airway means excess pressure requirued on inspiration
  • This draws soft tissue into the airway opening

Severity of BOAS can be graded from 0 > 3

47
Q

What URTD pathophysiology has stenotic nares + varying degrees of tracheal hypoplasia?

48
Q

What is Tracheal hypoplasia?

A
  • Congenital
  • Cartilaginous rings of trachea fuse + narrow
49
Q

List the 6 potential clinical signs for BOAS

A
  1. Difficulty breathing (dyspnoea)
  2. Snoring
  3. Poor exercise intolerance
  4. Poor heat tolerance
  5. Difficulty swallowing food (dysphagia)
  6. Regurgitation of food
50
Q

What are the 2 types of tx for BOAS patients?

A
  1. Conservative (medical)
  2. Surgery
51
Q

What surgical treatment is there for BOAS?

A

Surgical correction of the:
1. Nares
2. Laryngeal tissues
3. Soft palate

52
Q

What conservative/medical treatment is there for BOAS?

A
  1. Avoid obesity
  2. Use of harness on walks
  3. Avoid hyperthermia
53
Q

What type of URTD is this dog the poster child for?

A

Tracheal collapse!

54
Q

Describe the aetiology for Tracheal collapse

A
  • Toys breeds - specifically Yorkies
  • Idiopathic
  • Combo of :
    1. Genetics
    2. Nutrition
    3. Allergies
55
Q

What breeds is Tracheal collapse mostly seen in?

A

Toys breeds
(Small or obese)

56
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Tracheal collapse?

A
  • Incomplete formation or weakened C-shaped tracheal cartilages
  • Leads to inability to maintain patency of trachea
    1. During inspiration =
  • Cervical portion of trachea collapses > airway obstruction
    2. During expiration =
  • Thoracic portion collapses
57
Q

What URTD results in a collapse of the thoracic portion of the trachea during expiration and cervical portion during inspiration?

A

Tracheal Collapse

58
Q

List the 3 main clinical symptoms of Tracheal collapse

A
  1. Coughing during exercise
  2. ‘Goose honk’
  3. Progressive signs of respiratory distress

Can be paroxysmal*

*Other diseases present; heart disease, cushings etc

59
Q

Define Paroxysmal

A

Other diseases are also present at the same time, such as; heart disease, cushings etc

60
Q

What type of URTD can a goose honk be indicative of?

A

Tracheal collapse

61
Q

What are the diagnostic options for Tracheal collapse?

A
  1. Endoscopy of trachea (bronchoscopy, graded)
  2. Fluroscopy (video x-ray for real time diagnosis)
  3. Chest radiographs (less reliable)
  4. Affected breed signalment
62
Q

What are the 6 conservative treatment options for tracheal collapse?

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. Rest
  3. NSAIDs
  4. Bronchodilators
  5. Cough suppressants
  6. Use of a harness
63
Q

What surgery is performed to treat tracheal collapse?

A

Insertion of a tracheal stent to reinforce the weakened cartilage

64
Q

What surgery has been performed here?

A

Tracheal stent! for the URTD, Tracheal Collapse

65
Q

What 3 structures does LRTD affect?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchii
  3. Lungs
66
Q

True or False.

LRTD can be either acute or chronic.

67
Q

True or False.

Acute LRTD can be life-threatening.

A

True - as it can lead to hypoxia!!

Remember = hypoxia = low o2 in the tissues!!

68
Q

List the potential signs of LRTD a patient may present with, upon clinical exam

A
  1. Wheezing on expiration
  2. Harshness or crackles over lung fields, upon ausculation
  3. Lung sounds may be reduced or absent if pleural space disease is present
69
Q

Why does hypoxia occur in acute LRTD?

A

Due to lack of oxygen being recieved by the tissues

70
Q

True or False.

Acute LRTD has a rapid deterioration, leading to unconsciousness + collapse

71
Q

If something has a rapid onset….?

A

It has a rapid deterioration!

72
Q

Is Acute LRTD an emergency?

A

Absloutely!

73
Q

Is Pulmonary failure acute or chronic?

74
Q

What does long-term pulmonary failure lead to?

A

Decreasing ability to oxygenate the blood

75
Q

An owner rings up saying their dog developed a cough, which lead to exercise intolerance and then dyspnoea at rest.

What is this indicative of?

76
Q

10..

List as many causes of LRTD as you can

A
  1. Pulmonary neoplasia
  2. Feline asthma
  3. Chronic bronchitis
  4. Heatstroke
  5. Abscess due to foreign body
  6. Pulmonary oedema
  7. Pleural effusion
  8. Parasitic infestation (A.vasorum, C.vulpis)
  9. Pneumonia
  10. Secondary to anaemia
77
Q

List as many clinical signs of LRTD as you can!

A
  1. Coughing
  2. Exercise intolerance
  3. Wheezing
  4. Dyspnoea
  5. Restlessness
  6. Tachypnoea
  7. Mucous production
  8. Retching
  9. Tachycardia
  10. Cyanosis
78
Q

11..

How can LRTD be diagnosed?

A
  1. History + clinical signs
  2. Clinical exam (auscultation of lungfields)
  3. Radiography
  4. Rhinoscopy
  5. Bronchoscopy
  6. Ultrasonography
  7. Blood testing (A. vasorum)
  8. Bacterial/fungal culture
  9. Nasal flush
  10. Bronchoalveolar lavage for cytology
  11. Faecal testing for lungworm larvae
79
Q

What are the treatment options avaliable for LRTD?

A
  1. Treat cause
  2. Provide drug therapy
    * Antibiotics
    * Bronchodilators (theophylline)
    * Diuretics (frusemide)
    * Cough suppressants (butorphanol)
  3. Oxygenate
  4. Interventions
    * Thoracocentesis
    * Tracheotomy
    * Thoracic cannulae
80
Q

List the 4 types of drugs that can potentiially be used to treat LRTD

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Bronchodilators
  3. Diuretics
  4. Cough suppressants
81
Q

List 3 potential nursing interventions, prescribed by the VS that can be given to patients for treating LRTD

A
  1. Thoracocentesis
  2. Tracheotomy
  3. Thoracic cannulae
82
Q

What is this a grading of?

A

Nostril Grading Examples in Pugs, French Bulldogs + Bulldogs

83
Q

What is this surgery an example of?

A

Surgical widening of stenotic nares

85
Q

What type of surgery has occurred here?

A

Soft-palate surgery

86
Q

What are these pictures of?

A

Tracheal stents

87
Q

What does this fluoroscopy indicate?

A

Tracheal collapse!

88
Q

What is LRTD does this diagram represent?

A

Tracheal collapse

89
Q

Graded in severity, if there are 4 grades of Tracheal collapse, and no.1 = 25%, what is grade 4?

90
Q

Describe the aetiology of Feline Asthma

A
  • Similar to human asthma - environmental facttors act as an allergic trigger
  • Can be caused by type I hypersensitivity
91
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Feline asthma?

A
  1. Presence of irrittant/allergen
  2. Leads to inflammatory reaction, in small airways of lung
  3. Increased mucous production in airway
  4. Causes irritation > dyspnoea
  5. Contraction of small bronchioles > further dyspnoea
92
Q

Identify the main clinical signs of Feline asthma

A
  1. Persistant cough or bouts of coughing
  2. Dyspnoea
  3. Tachypnoea
  4. Noisy breathing or wheezing

Can be persistant or occur episodically

93
Q

True or False.

Feline asthma can be persistant or occur episodically

SA Disease Yr2 (26 decks)

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