Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
What are general manifestations of patients in resp distress?
A
sneezing
coughing
sputum!!!
2
Q
What does yellow/green cloudy thick sputum indicate?
A
a bacterial infection
3
Q
What does rusty/dark sputum associated with?
A
pneumonia (also green)
4
Q
What does blood tinged sputum indicate? (in the lungs)
A
pulmonary edema
5
Q
What are kussmaul respirations?
A
deep rapid “air hunger”
typical w acidosis or following strenuous excerisise
DKA
6
Q
What is laboured with prolonged inspiration/expiration associated with?
A
OBSTRUCTIONS IN THE AIRWAY
7
Q
What do wheezes mean?
A
obstructions in small airways
8
Q
What do stridor respirations mean?
A
upper airway obstruction (croup)
9
Q
What does dyspnea mean?
A
Shortness Of Breath!!!!
10
Q
Severe dyspnea present?
A
nasal flaring, accessory muscle use
11
Q
What is orthopnea?
A
SOB that occurs when the person is lying down, results as blood pools in the lungs w gravity
12
Q
What is PND?
A
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
13
Q
What is cyanosis?
A
bluish discolouration of the skin resulting from large amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood
14
Q
What are URTIs?
A
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
15
Q
How are upper respiratory tract infections spread?
A
through respiratory droplets either directly inhaled or spread through touch
- highly contagious as virus can survive for several days outside of the body
16
Q
What are some s/s of URTIs?
A
-copious watery discharge
-mouth breathing, change in voice tone
-red mucous membranes of the nose and pharynx
-cough may develop from irritation of discharge
17
Q
What is the treatment (in terms of medications- 2) for URTIs?
A
acetaminophen for the fever and headache (symptom relief)
decongestants to reduce congestion
humidifiers - keep secretions liquid to aid in removal
18
Q
Antibiotics do NOT ____ the infections!!!!!
A
CURE
19
Q
What is sinusitis?
A
- inflammation of the sinuses
- bacterial infections secondary to a cold or an allergy that has an obstructed drainage of one or more of the paranasal sinuses
20
Q
What are recommended medication options for the sinuses to drain?
A
decongestants and analgesics
21
Q
What is another term laryngotacheobronchitis?
A
CROUP
22
Q
What IS croup? (pathology)
A
the larynx and subglottic area become inflamed with swelling and exudate leads
23
Q
What is a biggest indication of croup? (s/s)
A
barking cough, hoarse voice, inspiratory / stridor at rest, nasal congestion and cough
24
Q
What could be a treatment of croup?
A
cool, moisturized air from shower or humidifier
25
What is epiglotitis?
Acute infection from a bacterial organism
Causes swelling in the larynx, supraglottic area and epiglottis
26
Who is epiglottitis most common in?
children aged 3-7
27
What are some s/s of epiglottis?
rapid onset
fever and sore throat
refuses to swallow
anxious
excessive drooling
tripod position
28
What should we be cautious of when assessing kids with epiglottitis?
NOT to irritate them!!!!!!
29
What is pneumonia?
infection that inflames your alveoli due to fluid and pus in the lungs
30
What are the 5 different types of pneumonia?
Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Legionnaires disease
viral pneumonia
primary atypical pneumonia (PAP)
31
what is lobar pneumonia?
infection localized to one or more lobes
32
what is bronchopneumonia?
diffuse pattern of infection in the both, more often in the lower lobes
33
what is legionnaires disease?
gram negative bacteria that thrives in warm moist environments such as A/C's and spas, prolonged exposure!!
34
what is viral pneumonia?
caused by influenza and respiratory viruses
35
what is primary atypical pneumonia (PAP)?
viral and involves intersitial inflammation around the alveoli
36
If not treated, what can pneumonia quickly lead to????
SEPSIS!!!!! Extreme infection!
37
What is tuberculosis??
infection that affects the lungs primarily but may also invade other organs
transmitted by oral dropleys released from a person with active infection inhaled into the lungs
38
What is primary infection (of tuberculosis)?
occurs when the microorganisms enter the lungs
CAN be fought off by your body's immune system- stays DORMANT for years
individuals resistance and immune system are strong
->they will remain asymptomatic
39
What is secondary infection (of tuberculosis)?
arises YEARS after primary infection, when resistance is down
creates LARGE areas of necrosis in the lung tissue and form open areas and erosion into the bronchi and blood vessels
40
What are signs and symptoms of primary infection TB?
asymptomatic
41
What are signs and symptoms of secondary infection TB?
initially- vague manifestations such as:
malaise
fatigue and weight loss
low grade fevers and night sweats
cough is prolonged, gets severe
often contains blood
42
What is cystic fibrosis?
genetic disorder (affecting the 7th chromosome) that results in a thick, sticky muscle secretion in the lungs
mucuos obstructs airflow in the bronchioles causing air trapping and permanent damage to the alveoli
43
What are signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
- chronic cough and frequent respiratory infections
- chest wall may appear overinflated due to air trapping
- audible rhonchi
- failure to meet the normal growth milestones due to chronic respiratory problems
- dyspnea, tachypnea
- accessory muscle use
- cyanosis
- diminished breath sounds
44
What is the pre hospital treatment of CF?
airway management
supplemental O2
bronchodilators to promote drainage
45
What is aspiration?
passage of food or fluid, vomit or drugs or any other foreign material into the trachea or lungs
46
What is the ball valve effect in terms of a solid airway obstruction?
air goes IN but gets TRAPPED (pnemo)
47
What are s/s of aspiration?
coughing w dyspnea
stridor and hoarseness
wheezings with aspiration liquid into lungs
tachycardia and tachypnea
complete obstruction
48
How do you treat a full obstruction in the airway?
abdominal thrusts on adults
back blows on infants
if unconscious, CPR ensuring visualization of airway
49
How do we treat a PARTIAL obstruction?
encourage coughing and oxygen and supportive therapy
monitor for potential signs of pneumonia or infection
50
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
51
What are the three types/examples of COPD?
Emphysema, bronchitis & asthma
52
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
a group of respiratory disorders
- characterized by progressive tissue degenerative diseases to the lungs AND obstruction of the airways
- causes irreversible damage to the LUNGS
53
What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
a group of respiratory disorders
- characterized by progressive tissue degenerative diseases to the lungs AND obstruction of the airways
- causes irreversible damage to the LUNGS
54
What is asthma? (brief explanation)
disease that involves period episodes of severe BUT reversible bronchial obstruction in persons with hypersensitive/hyper responsive airways
55
What are examples of extrinsic triggers of asthma?
- more common in children
- grass, dust etc.
- symptoms disappear by adulthood
56
What are examples of intrinsic triggers of asthma?
- more commonly developed during adulthood
- cold, exercise, stress
57
What is the patho behind asthma?
- inflammation of the mucosa with edema
- constriction of smooth muscle (bronchoconstriction)
- increased secretions of thick mucus in the passages
58
What is status asthmaticus?
persistent, severe asthma attack that does NOT respond to therapy (FATAL, secondary to hypoxia and cardiac arrhythmias)
59
What is asthma exacerbation??
SILENT CHEST
no air able to pass through, NO RR, NO breath sounds
60
What are some s/s of asthma?
cough
dyspnea
agitation as obstruction increases
wheezes
rapid laboured accessory muscle use breathing
thick, tenacious mucus coughed up
tachy
resp failure, decreased LOC, cyanosis
61
What are some important things to ask an asthma patient going into resp distress/ possible exacerbation?
what happened in the past?
were you hosptialized?
have you been in the ICU?
*********if it happened ONCE it could totally happen again! be prepeared!!!!
62
For acute asthma attacks what medication type do we use!?
bronchodilators- Ventolin
63
How many puffs of Ventolin is ONE dose for adults? >25kg
8 puffs (800mg)
64
How many puffs of Ventolin is ONE dose for <25kg?
6 puffs (600mg)
65
What receptors do bronchodilators act on?
beta 2 receptors
66
What is the purpose of bronchodilators?
to relax/smooth the bronchial muscles
67
What is EMPHYSEMA?
destruction of the alveolar walls, which leads to large, permanently inflated alveolar air spaces
68
What are patients with emphysema often called?
PINK PUFFERS
69
What is the biggest factor that contribute to this destruction? or even any destruction in the resp tract (in terms of emphysema)
SMOKING
70
What do cor pulmonae and chronic HTN eventually lead to?
RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE
71
What are some s/s of emphysema?
dyspnea, initially on exertion, then even at REST
hyperventilation
barrel chest from hyperinflation
tripod positioning to facilitate breathing
fatigue contributed to weight loss, EXTREME THIN
clubbed fingers-VascularEndothelialGrowthFactor
polycythemia > increased red blood cells
72
What is the treatment for emphysema?
avoidance of respiratory irritants
stop smoking
resp rehab
maintain nutrition
73
What other piece of equipment (O2 device) can go on this pt?
CPAP!!!!
74
How often do we reassess a COPD's pt vitals?
every 10 mins
75
what do we need to maintain a pt with COPD spo2 at??
88-92% (naturally SOB)
76
What are we worried about when administering too much O2 to COPD patients?
Knocking out their HYPOXIC DRIVE
77
What is chronic bronchitis?
significant changes to the bronchi resulting from a constant irritation from smoking or exposure to pollutants
- irreversible and progressive
78
How is chronic bronchitis clinically diagnosed?
a cough with sputum production
- occurring for at least 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years.
79
What is patho behind chronic bronchitis?
mucosa of the bronchioles is inflamed and swollen
- hypertrophy of mucous glands and increased secretions are produced
- leads to thickening of the bronchial walls and further obstruction
- secretions pool and are difficult to remove
- low O2 levels, creates cyanosis
80
S/S of bronchitis:
constant productive cough
tachypnea
SOB
frequent secretions that are thick
Rhonchi (more prevalent in the morning, pooled secretions)
cyanosis and hypoxia
81
How do we treat bronchitis?
reducing exposure to irritants
prompt treatment of infections to slow the progress of the disease
use of expectorants and bronchodilators
ensure adequate nutrient intake
82
What is saying we use to describe those with chronic bronchitis?
BLUE BLOATERS
83
Pre hospital management for bronchitis?
airway management- o2 bvm
bronchodilators
CPAP
84
What is a pulmonary embolism?
blood clot or mass of other material that obstructs pulmonary artery or branch of it, blocking blood flow through the lung tissue
85
Small P.E s/s are usually....
asymptomatic
86
What can P.E lead to in the cardiovascular system?
right sided heart failure and decreased cardiac output
87
What are s/s P.E?
chest pain that increases w coughing/deep breathing
sob
cough
tachypnea
hypoxia stimulates SNS- anxiety, restlessness
88
What is atelectasis?
- when the alveoli become airless and they shrivel up
- collapsed alveoli = collapsed lung
- inhibits gas exchange
89
S/S of small areas of atelectasis?
asymptomatic
90
S/S of larger areas of atelectasis?
dyspnea
tachycardia
tachypnea
chest expansion may appear abnormal or asymmetrical
91
What is pleural effusion?
presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
92
S/S of pleural effusion?
dyspnea
chest pain
tachypnea
tachycardia
absent of breath sounds over affected area
tracheal deviation
hypotension
93
What does ARDS stand for?
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
94
What IS ARDS?
restrictive disorder, secondary to an injury (sepsis, shock, burns, aspiration, smoke inhalation)
usually occurs 1-2 days after an injury
similar to DIC (sudden death)
95
What is the patho behind ADRS?
changes to the lungs result from injury in the alveolar wall and capillary membranes, this leads to increased alveolar permeability and increased fluid in the alveolar and interstitial areas of the lungs
96
What are s/s of ARDS?
shock!!
- dyspnea
- restlessness
- rapid, shallow, respirations
- tachycardia
- accessory muscle use
- crackles
- productive cough w frothy sputum
97
What is acute respiratory failure??
- end result of MANY pulmonary disorders
- RESPIRATORY ARREST
- inadequate O2 and CO2 levels for the body's needs at rest
