Gas Exchange & Transport

Question 1

Where does the gas exchange happen?

Answer 1

Alveoli in the lungs!!

Question 2

Increased thickness= _________ diffusion!!!

Answer 2

DECREASED.

Question 3

The thicker the membrane the ________ it is for gas exchange to take place!

Answer 3

HARDER.

Question 4

What could cause the respiratory membrane to thicken?

Answer 4

Pulmonary EDEMA and fluid.

Question 5

Do the gases move in ONE direction through the respiratory membrane?

Answer 5

NO. They move in BOTH.

Question 6

What does the two way exchange of gases do?

Answer 6

Converts deoxygenated blood to OXYGENATED blood

Question 7

Things move from _____ to _____ concentration !!!

Answer 7

HIGH to LOW

Question 8

What are the four factors that the amount of O2 diffused depends on??

Answer 8

1- Alevolar pressure gradient (higher/lower pressure)
2- The total functional surface of the resp. membrane (how thin it is)
3. The respiratory minute volume
4. Alveolar Ventilation

Question 9

What are the four factors that the amount of O2 diffused depends on??

Answer 9

1- Alevolar pressure gradient (higher/lower pressure)
2- The total functional surface of the resp. membrane (how thin it is)
3. The respiratory minute volume
4. Alveolar Ventilation

Question 10

How do we calculate the respiratory minute volume?

Answer 10

RR/min X volume of air inspired

Question 11

General Rule:
Anything that ______ the alveolar PCO2 tends to _____ the alveolar blood oxygen pressure gradient which results in a _______ amount of O2 entering the blood

Answer 11

DECREASE, DECREASE, DECREASE

Question 12

What is application 1 of the general rule?

Answer 12

O2 pressure gradient, alveolar PO2 decreases as altitude increases, thus less O2 enters the blood at high altitudes

Question 13

What is application 2 of the general rule?

Answer 13

Functional surface area, anything that decreases the functional surface area of the respiratory membrane tends to decrease oxygen diffusion into the blood

Question 14

What is application 3 of the general rule?

Answer 14

Respiratory minute volume, anything that decreases RR tends to decrease blood oxygenation

Question 15

Blood transports O2 and CO2 either as _______ or _______ with other chemicals.

Answer 15

SOLUTES or COMBINED

Question 16

When entering the blood, both O2 and CO2 dissolve in the _______

Answer 16

plasma

Question 17

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 17

reddish protein found in red blood cells

Question 18

What does O2 have an affinity for?

Answer 18

Iron atoms
- allowing the iron to act as a oxygen sponge that chemically absorbs O2 molecules from the surrounding solution

Question 19

What does CO2 have an affinity for?

Answer 19

Alpha and beta amino acid chains, allowing HB to sponge to the CO2 and carry it as well

Question 20

When hemoglobin combines with O2, what does it form?

Answer 20

Oxyhemoglobin

Question 21

Each gram of HB can unite with ____ml of O2.

Answer 21

1.34ml

Question 22

The exact amount of _____ in the blood depends largely on the amount of ________ present.

Answer 22

O2 & HEMOGLOBIN

Question 23

The higher the hemoglobin % naturally higher what?

Answer 23

O2 carrying capacity of the blood is.

Question 24

What does PO2 stand for?

Answer 24

Partial pressure of oxygen (reflects the amount of oxygen gas dissolved in the blood)

Question 25

The HIGHER the PO2 in the blood..... what happens to the rate of O2 being bound to HB? (accelerate or deacclerate?)

Answer 25

It ACCELERATES the rate of O2 being bound

Question 26

The LOWER the PO2 in the blood..... what happens to the rate of O2 being bound to HB?

Answer 26

LOWERS the rate O2 is being bound

Question 27

What does the O2 dissociation curve represent?

Answer 27

it describes the relationship between the PO2 (x axis) and the O2 saturation ( y axis)

Question 28

As more O2 binds, the HB O2 affinity INCREASES. True or false?

Answer 28

TRUE!!

Question 29

What does affinity mean?

Answer 29

the degree to which a substance tends to combine with another

Question 30

When there is a shift to the RIGHT, HB has a __________ affinity for O2.

Answer 30

DECREASED, does NOT want it.

Question 31

Which way does the curve shift when it is easier for the HB to RELEASE the O2 molecules?

Answer 31

RIGHT!!!

Question 32

The curve usually shifts to the right during the times that O2 is needed the _________ !!

Answer 32

MOST

Question 33

When are some examples of when our body needs O2 the most? (also think of the pneumonic CADET)

Answer 33

Exercise, stress, shock Co2 Acid Dpg Excerise Temp

Question 34

When we are hypoxic, is more or less O2 released into the tissues?

Answer 34

MORE O2

Question 35

When the curve shifts LEFT, HB has an _________ affinity for O2.

Answer 35

INCREASED

Question 36

What are some reasons the curve will shift left?

Answer 36

carbon monoxide poisoning hypothermia cancers of the head and neck smoking and alcohol

Question 37

Where are carbomino compounds secreted?

Answer 37

in water or kidneys

Question 38

What is the majority form of CO2 in the blood carried as?

Answer 38

bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Question 39

The more CO2 that is present = _______ levels of carbonic acid !!

Answer 39

HIGHER

Question 40

What will happen to the SPO2 of our CARBON MONOXIDE poisoning patients?

Answer 40

Would be NORMAL or HIGH because CO replaces oxygen

Question 41

Does CO have a greater affinity to HB then O2 does?

Answer 41

YES. 250x greater affinity.

Question 42

The Bohr effect means: ________ PCO2 > __________ the affinity between HB & O2 > causes a ________ shift on the O2HB curve !!

Answer 42

increased decreases RIGHT

Question 43

The Haldane effect is when the O2 in the blood displaces CO2 from the HB and increases the removal of CO2. True or false??

Answer 43

TRUE!!!!!!!

Question 44

Haldene effect: Oxygenated blood as a reduced affinity for _______ this this effect focuses on the hemoglobins ability to carry INCREASED amounts of ________ in deoxygenated states.

Answer 44

CO2