BREATHING

Question 1

What muscles are used during respiration?

Answer 1

intercostal muscles
- external and internal

Question 2

What are possible accessory muscles are used during respiration?

Answer 2

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Abdominals
Pectoralis minor

Question 3

What happens to pressure during inspiration?

Answer 3

atmospheric pressure is HIGHER than the intrathoracic pressure

ACTIVE pressure

Question 4

What happens to pressure during expiration?

Answer 4

atmospheric pressure is LOWER than the intrathoracic pressure

PASSIVE pressure

Question 5

What controls your breathing?

Answer 5

Respiratory centre in the brain stem
Group of neurons in the pons and medualla

Question 6

What does the medullary respiratory center control?

Answer 6

The rhythmic nature of breathing
(inspiratory and expiratory centres, 2 interconnect control centers)

Question 7

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 7

Phrenic nerve

Question 8

What happens to muscles during inspiration?

Answer 8

they CONTRACT

Question 9

What happens when the expiratory centre is initiated?

Answer 9

the expiratory muscles are needed during forced expiration

Question 10

What are the 2 types of neurons in the PONS respiratory centre?

Answer 10

stimulating neurons
inhibitory

Question 11

What does the pons respiratory centre do?

Answer 11

Coordinates actions of the medullary center to produce a smooth breathing process

Question 12

What does the pons respiratory centre either increase or decrease?

Answer 12

DEPTH and LENGTH of inspiration!

Question 13

What are the factors influencing the respiratory centre?

Answer 13

direct stimulation
stimulation through sensors

Question 14

What are factors that influence breathing?

Answer 14

1. chemoreceptors
2. blood pressure
3. cerberal cortex
4. inflation/deflation reflex
5. hering-breuer reflex
6. higher brain centers
7. body temp

Question 15

What are the chemists of the brain?

Answer 15

Chemoreceptors

Question 16

What are the 3 things that the medulla recognizes and changes?

Answer 16

1. PO2 (oxygen)
2. PCO2 (carbon dioxide)
3. PH (hydrogen ions)

Question 17

Increased PCO2 results in…..

Answer 17

FASTER breathing and greater volumes of air

Question 18

Decreased PCO2 results in….

Answer 18

INHIBITION of the medulla rhythmicity and SLOWS the respirations

Question 19

A RISE in BP….. does what to RR?

Answer 19

slows resp rate

Question 20

A DROP in BP… does what to RR?

Answer 20

increases the rate and depth resps

Question 21

What does your cerebral cortex do?

Answer 21

increases or decreases respirations voluntarily

Question 22

What is the inflation/deflation reflex?

Answer 22

stretch receptors in the visceral pleura that are sensitive to the degree of stretching of the lungs
during inspiration impulses are sent directly to the resp centre via the VAGUS nerve, inhibits impulses and promotes expiration and deep inspiration

Question 23

What is the hering-breuer reflex?

Answer 23

when the air has been INSPIRED, lungs expand enough to stimulate stretch receptors

stretch receptors send inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory center

relaxation of the inspiratory muscles occurs and expiration begins

Question 24

What are examples of higher brain centers?

Answer 24

periods of anxiety, fear, pain, excitement or temp via hypothalamus
voluntary alteration of resp patterns (provided by cerebral cortex and can be overriden by the chemorecptors)

Question 25

Increase in body temp means…. ________ rate of breathing? What does it do to the O2?

Answer 25

increase!!!!!!
O2 gets released from hemoglobin
Ex. Excersise or fever

Question 26

Decrease in body temp means…. ________ rate of breathing? What does it do to the O2?

Answer 26

DECREASES!!
Metabolism slows therefore, decreased need for O2