Respiratory conditions Flashcards
Atelectasis
def : Collapse of lobe
Causes : Obstruction, compression, lack of surfactant
Symptoms:
- Cough
-Cyanosis
-Diff. breathing
-high HR + RR
Signs
Decreased chest expansion
tactile fremitus absent
dull percussion
decreased or absent vesicular breath sounds.
interventions :
-Give oxygen
-deep breathing exercises
Semi fowlers position
Lobar Pneumonia
Infection of lung
causes:
Consolidation of RBC + WBC
Symtpoms
-Fever
-Cough
-Chest pain
-Diff. breathing
-high RR
Signs
- Lag of expansion on aff. Side
- Tactile fremitus increased (no obstruction)
- Tactile decreased (obstruction)
- Dull percussion over lobe
- Louder breath sounds
- Fine to medium crackles
interventions
-Drink a lot
-position to help breathing (back slightly leaned back and legs slightly elevated)
-eat well
-rest
Semi fowlers position
Chronic Bronchitis
Proliferation of mucus membrane
causes : Excessive mucus secretion
bc of smoking for example.
symptoms :
-Cough
-Sore throat
-Headache
-Headache
-SOB, wheezing
Signs
Hacking cough
resonant percussion
crackles
wheezing
thick mucus (possible clubbing if chronic)
intervention
-Rest
-Hydration
-Deep breathing
Semi fowlers position
Emphysema
Enlargement of air sacs + rupture of interalveolar walls
causes
Destruction of pulmonary connective tissue
symptoms
-SOB
-Rapid breathing
-Cough
-Wheezing
signs
-Increase lung volume
- Increase anteroposterior diam.
- Barrel chest
- Accessory muscles
- Decreased tactile fremitus
-Decreased chest expansion
-Hyperresonance
-Decreased breath sounds
- occasional wheezing.
intervention
-Avoiding irritant
-Vaccine for resp. infections
Semi fowlers position
Asthma
Increased airway resistance because of edema and inflammation in walls of bronchioles
causes
Allergic hypersensitivity to allergens, irritant, microorganisms, stress or exercise
symptoms
-Wheezing
-Dyspnea
-Chest tightness
-Increased RR
-SOB
-Cough
signs
-Accessory muscles
-Retraction of ICS
-Barrel chest (chronic)
-Decreased tactile fremitus
-Decreased breath sounds
- Wheezing
- prolonged expiration
Pleural Effusion
Fluid in intrapleural spaces and compression of tissue
causes
Make contain, watery fluid, proteins, purulent matter, blood, lymphatic fluid
symptoms
-Increased RR
-Dyspnea
-Dry cough
-Cyanosis
-Abdo distension
signs
-Decreased or absent tactile fremitus
-Tracheal shift away from affected side
-Dull percussion
-Decreased or absent breath sounds
- no diaphragmatic excursion.
Semi fowlers position
Heart Failure
Pump failure
cause
Increased pressure of cardiac overload = pulmonary congestion, increased blood in capillaries
symptoms
-Increased RR
-SOB
-Orthopnea
-Nocturnal dyspnea
-ankle edema
-pallor
signs
-Moist, clammy skin
-S3 gallop
-Crackles at lung base
- Increased respiratory rate
Pneumothorax
Partial or total lung collapse
cause
Free air in pleural space, spontaneous (rupture of lung wall), traumatic (opening of injurie), tension (trapped air increased and compresses lung)
symptoms
-Chest tightness
-Fatigue
-Cyanosis
signs
-Unequal chest expansion
-Bulging of ICS
-Decreased or absent tactile fremitus
-Tracheal shift on opposite side
-Decreased BP
-Hyperresonant
- Decreased or absent breath sound.
Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
Infection associated with AIDS
cause
Cyst containing organism, alveolar wall thickens, interstitial foamy prot-rich fluid
symptoms
-Cough
-Fever
-SOB
-Chest tightness
-Anxiety
Dyspnea
signs
-Decreased chest expansion
-Dull percussion
-Diminished breath sounds
-Maybe crackles
Tuberculosis
Inflammatory response->scar tissue->necrosis->extensive destruction(air filled cavities)
cause
Inhalation of tubercle bacilli into alveolar wall
symptoms
No symptoms
Progressive:
-Weight loss
-Fatigue easily
-PM fevers
-Night sweats
signs
-Cough with sputum (yellow-green)
-Dyspnea
-Orthopnea
-Moist skin at night
-Dull percussion over effusion
- Decreased vesicular breath sounds
-Crackles
Pulmonary Embolism
Emboli coming from legs or pelvis
cause
DVT in legs
symptoms
-Chest pain
-Dyspnea
-Anxiety
-Mental status changes
-Cough (blood)
-Decreased O2 pressure
signs
-Resp. Alkalosis
-Hypotension
- Diaphoresis (sweating)
-Louder S2
-Crackles
-Wheezing
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Pulmonary edema
cause
Pulmonary insult (trauma, gastric reflux aspiration. Shock, sepsis), damage alveolar cap membrane = increased permeability
symptoms
Acute onset of dyspnea
-restlessness
-Disorientation
-rapid, shallow breathing
-Cough (sputum)
signs
-Retraction of ICS
-Resp. Alkalosis = decreased PaO2
-Cyanosis (late sign)
-Hypotension
-Tachycardia
-Crackles
- Rapid, shallow breathing
- rhonchi
