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RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

RESPIRATORY DISEASE

A
  • Type of disease that affects the lungs and other types of the respiratory system
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2
Q

S&S OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Cough
  • Chest px
  • Wheeze
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Chest infections
  • Mucus production coughing up blood
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3
Q

CAUSES OF COUGH - ACUTE COUGH

A
  • Common cold
  • Influenza (flu)
  • Inhaling an irritant (smoke, dust, chemicals or foreign body)
  • Pneumonia
  • Whooping cough
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4
Q

CAUSES OF COUGH - CHRONIC COUGH

A
  • Allergies
  • Asthma (most common in children)
  • Bronchitis
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
  • Postnasal drip
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5
Q

CAUSES OF COUGH - OTHER

A
  • Acute sinusitis
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Chocking: first aid
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • COVID-19
  • Croup
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Emphysema
  • Heart failure
  • Laryngitis
  • Lung cancer
  • ACE inhibitor use
  • Neuromuscular diseases
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Tuberculosis
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6
Q

SPEUTUM - DEFINITION

A
  • Sputum is matter expectorated from the respiratory system
  • It is composed of mucus but may contain pus, blood, fibrin or microorganisms in diseased states
  • It is produced when a persons lungs are diseases ir damaged
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7
Q

SPEUTUM - COLOURS

A
  • White - May mean allergies or viral infection
  • Green - May mean bacterial infection
  • Red - May mean lung injury or malignancy
  • Brown - May indicate lung disease
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8
Q

SPEUTUM - CAUSES OF CHANGES

A
  • Smoking
  • Asthma
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Respiratory tract infections
  • Covid
  • Flu
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
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9
Q

HAEMOPTYSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Coughing up blood from the lungs
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10
Q

HAEMOPTYSIS - CAUSES

A
  • Infection - Bronchitis, Pneumonia
  • Bronchiectasis - Disease where the large airways in the lungs are damaged
  • COPD
  • Lung cancer
  • Tuberculosis
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Lung abscess
  • Lung injury
  • Having something stuck in the airway
  • Using drugs
  • Having fluid in the lungs due to a heart condition
  • Anticoagulant therapy
  • Having cystic fibrosis
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11
Q

HAEMOPTYSIS - SYMPTOMS

A
  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Night sweats
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
  • Chest px
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12
Q

BREATHLESSNESS

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Intense tightening of the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation
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13
Q

BREATHLESSNESS - RESP CAUSES

A
  • Asthma
  • Chest infection
  • Being overweight
  • Smoking
  • Panic attack
  • COPD
  • Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • Heart failure
  • Lung cancer
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14
Q

BREATHLESSNESS - CVS CAUSES

A
  • Angina
  • Heart attack
  • Heart failure
  • Some abnormal heart rhythms - Atrial fibrillation
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15
Q

BREATHLESSNESS - GI CAUSES

A
  • Any condition that leads to the build up of air or foodstuffs could cause both bloating anf breathlessness
  • Stool inside the intestines
  • IBS
  • Celiac disease
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Constipation
  • Ileus
  • Bowel obstruction
  • Gastroparesis
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16
Q

ASTHMA - DEFINITION

A
  • Airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus
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17
Q

ASTHMA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Female adults
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18
Q

ASTHMA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Blood relative with asthma
  • Overweight
  • Smoker
  • Exposure to second hand smoke
  • Exposure to exhaust fumes
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19
Q

ASTHMA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • May have infrequent asthma attacks
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest tightness or pain
  • Wheezing when exhaling, common in children
  • Trouble sleeping caused by shortness if breath
  • Worsening signs - more frequent and bothersome, inc difficulty breathing, need to use quick-relief inhaler
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20
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inherited disorder that causes severe damage to lungs, digestive system and other organs
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21
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CAUSE

A
  • Mutation in a gene - cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene- changes protein that regulates movement of salts in and out of cells
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22
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Northern Europeans
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23
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Family Hx
  • Most common in Northern European ancestry
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24
Q

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Variable
  • May not experience symptoms until teenage years or adulthood
  • Tend to have higher salt in sweat, parents can tell when kissing their children
  • Respiratory - Persistent cough that produces thick mucus, Wheezing, Exercise intolerance, Repeated lung infections, Recurrent sinusitis
  • Digestive - Thick mucus can block rubes that carry digestive enzymes from pancreas to small intestines - without these unable to absorb nutrients from food resulting in - Foul smelling stools, Poor weight gain and growth, Intestinal blocks particularly in new-borns, Chronic or severe constipation
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25
LUNG CANCER - DEFINITION
- Types: 1. **Small cell** - almost exclusively in heavy smokers 2. **Non-small cell** - umbrella term for several types, includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma
26
LUNG CANCER - POPULATION AFFECTED
- 65+
27
LUNG CANCER - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking - Exposure to second hand - Previous radiation therapy - Family Hx of lung cancer
28
LUNG CANCER - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Rarely symptoms in early stages - New cough that doesn’t go away - Coughing up blood - Chest pain - Shortness of breath - Hoarseness - Losing weight - Bone pain - Headache
29
PNEUMOTHORAX - DEFINITION
- Collapsed lung - Occurs when air leaks into space between lung and chest wall - Air pushes on outside of lung and it collapses
30
PNEUMOTHORAX - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Tall, thin people - Smokers
31
PNEUMOTHORAX - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking - Genetics - Previous pneumothorax
32
PNEUMOTHORAX - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Sudden chest pain - Shortness of breath - Severity depends on how much lung is collapsed
33
EMPHYSEMA - DEFINITION
- Lung condition causing shortness of breath - Reduces surface area of lungs → reduced oxygen to bloodstream
34
EMPHYSEMA - CAUSE
- Long-term exposure to airborne irritants e.g., tobacco smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes and dust
35
EMPHYSEMA - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Cigarette smokers
36
EMPHYSEMA - RISK FACTORS
- Smoking - Age- 40-60 - Exposure to second-hand smoke - Occupational exposure to fumes or dust
37
EMPHYSEMA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Can have it many years without noticing - Main symptom is shortness of breath, so doesn’t become a problem until it interferes with daily life - Causes shortness of breath whilst at rest
38
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION
- Productive cough that lasts at least three months, with recurring bouts occurring at least two consecutive years
39
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - CAUSE
- Usually caused by viruses, typically same as colds and flu (influenza) - Smoking, Air pollution, Dust, Toxic gas from enviro
40
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
65+
41
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Cough - Production of mucus = clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Slight fever/chills - Chest discomfort - Potential body aches, mild headache
42
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Cough - Production of mucus = clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Slight fever/chills - Chest discomfort - Potential body aches, mild headache
43
COMMON COLD - DEFINITION
- An infection of the nose and throat. Caused by a virus and is not treated with antibiotics
44
COMMON COLD - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Adults 2-3 colds per year - Children 5-8 colds per year
45
COMMON COLD - RISK FACTORS
- Age - Infants and young children most likely to get a cold - Weakened immune system - Time of year - Fall or winter most common - Can get it any time though - Smoking - Exposure
46
COMMON COLD - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Symptoms usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus - Runny nose - Sore throat - Cough - Congestion - Slight body aches or a mild headache - Sneezing - Low-grade fever - Generally feeling unwell
47
COVID - DEFINITION
- A contagious respiratory disease caused by infection with the virus SARS-CoV-2
48
COVID - CAUSE
- Caused by infection with the virus SARS-CoV-2
49
COVID - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Older people - Immunosuppressed people
50
COVID - RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPING DANGEROUS SYMPTOMS
- Older age - Having other serious health problems - Heart or lung conditions especially - Weakened immune systems - Obesity - Diabetes
51
COVID - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Fever - Dry cough - Tiredness - Muscle aches - Sore throat - Runny or stuffy nose - New loss of taste or smell
52
STREP THROAT - DEFINITION
- A bacterial infection that can make your throat feel sore and scratchy
53
STREP THROAT - CAUSE
- Caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus
54
STREP THROAT - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Children
55
STREP THROAT - RISK FACTORS
- Young age - More common in children - Time of year - Can occur anytime but it tends to circulate most in winter and early spring
56
STREP THROAT - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Throat px that usually comes on quickly - Painful swallowing - Red and swollen tonsils, sometimes with white patches or streaks of pus - Tiny red spots on the area at the back of the roof of the mouth - Swollen, tender lymph nodes in your neck - Fever - Headache - Rash - Nausea or vomiting, especially in younger children - Body aches
57
STREP THROAT - PROGNOSIS
- Will not go away on its own - Treatment is antibiotics - Penicillin and amoxicillin are most common
58
TONSILLITIS - DEFINITION
- When the tonsils at the back of your throat become swollen
59
TONSILLITIS - CAUSE
- Most often caused by common viruses (viral tonsillitis) - Bacteria can also cause it (bacterial tonsillitis)- Most common bacteria causing tonsillitis is bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also called group A streptococcus
60
TONSILLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Children between preschool ages and midteenage years
61
TONSILLITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Young age - Most common in people 5-15 - Frequent exposure to germs
62
TONSILLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Red, swollen tonsils - White or yellow coating or pathches on the tonsils - Sore throat - Difficult or painful swallowing - Fever - Enlarged, tender lymph nodes in the neck - Scratchy, muffled or throaty voive - Bad breath - Stomach ache - Neck px or stiff neck - Headache - Other symptoms seen in young children include - Drooling due to difficult or painful swallowing - Refusal to eat - Unusual fussiness
63
LARYNGITIS - DEFINITION
- Inflammation of your larynx (voice box) from overuse, irritation or infection
64
LARYNGITIS - ACUTE
- Viral infections similar to those that cause a cold - Vocal strain, caused by yelling or overusing your voice
65
LARYNGITIS - CHRONIC
- Usually caused by exposure to irritants over time - Inhaled irritants such as chemical fumes, allergens or smoke - Acid reflux, also called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - Chronic sinusitis - Excessive alcohol use - Habitual overuse of your voice - Smoking
66
LARYNGITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Most common in adults aged 18 – 40
67
LARYNGITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Having a respiratory infection - Exposure to irritating substances - Overusing your voice
68
LARYNGITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Hoarseness - Weak voice or voice loss - Tickling sensation and rawness in throat - Sore throat - Dry throat - Dry cough
69
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - DEFINITION
- Inflammation of lining of bronchial tube, which carries air from lungs
70
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Can affect all ages, most common in children under 5
71
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Smokers - Low resistance - may result from another acute illness such as a cold - Exposure to irritants at work- e.g., grain or textiles - Gastric reflux - repeated bouts of severe heartburn can irritate throat and inc chance of bronchitis
72
ACUTE BRONCHITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Cough - Production of mucus = clear, white, yellowish-grey or green, rarely may have streak of blood - Fatigue - Shortness of breath - Slight fever/chills - Chest discomfort - Potential body aches, mild headache
73
BRONCHIOLITIS - DEFINITION
- Common lung infection - Causes inflammation and congestion in bronchioles
74
BRONCHIOLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Young children and infants - Peal time is during winter
75
BRONCHIOLITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Premature birth - Underlying heart or lung conditions - Depressed immune system - Exposure to tobacco smoke
76
BRONCHIOLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Early- runny/stuffy nose, cough, slight fever (not always present) - After this may be a week or more of difficulty breathing or whistling of nose - Many infants have an ear infection (otitis media)
77
WHOOPING COUGH - DEFINITION
- Highly contagious respiratory tract infection
78
WHOOPING COUGH - CAUSE
- Bacteria called Bordetella perussis
79
WHOOPING COUGH - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Mainly affects children too young to finish full course of Antibiotics or teens/adults whose immunity has faded
80
WHOOPING COUGH - RISK FACTORS
- When vaccine wears off - Infants under 12 months who are unvaccinated or haven’t received full set have highest risk for severe complications and death
81
WHOOPING COUGH - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Once infected, takes about 7-10 days to show symptoms - Runny nose - Nasal congestion - Red, watery eyes - Fever - Cough - After week or two - provoke vomiting, red/blue face, extreme fatigue, end with high pitched ‘whoop’ sound during next breath of air
82
PNEUMONIA - DEFINITION
- Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs - Sacs may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing
83
PNEUMONIA - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Children under 2 - Adults over 65
84
PNEUMONIA - RISK FACTORS
- Most serious for infants and young children (under 2) - People over 65 - Health problems/weakened immune system - Being hospitalised - Smoking
85
PNEUMONIA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Mild to severe - Chest pain when coughing or beathing - Confusion (65+) - Cough, may produce phlegm - Fatigue - Fever, sweating and shaking chills - Lower body temperature - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea - New-borns may not show signs
86
TUBERCULOSIS - DEFINITION
- Potentially serious disease that mainly affects lungs - Inc prevalence in 1985 post HIV outbreak as HIV weakness immune system
87
TUBERCULOSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Children under 5 - Adults in their productive years
88
TUBERCULOSIS - RISK FACTORS
- HIV/AIDS - Diabetes - Severe kidney disease - Some drugs with treat rheumatoid diseases
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TUBERCULOSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- **Latent TB** - have TB but bacteria in body are inactive and cause no symptoms, treatment important to prevent it becoming active - **Active TB** - show symptoms, can spread to others, can occur weeks or years after TB bacteria infection - Coughing for 3 or more weeks - Coughing up blood or mucus - Night sweats - Loss of appetite - Chest pain especially when coughing or breathing

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS (13 decks)

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