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SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS > EAR, NOSE AND THROAT > Flashcards

EAR, NOSE AND THROAT Flashcards

1
Q

CRANIAL NERVES THAT AFFECT THE EAR, NOSE AND THROAT

A
  • Vestibulocochlear - CN8 - transmits sound and balance info from inner ear to brain
  • Olfactory - CN1 - sense of smell
  • Glossopharyngeal - CN12 - provides motor, parasympathetic and sensory info to mouth and throat, enables swallowing
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2
Q

OTITIS EXTERNA - DEFINITION

A
  • Infection of outer ear canal, which runs from eardrum to outside of head
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3
Q

OTITIS EXTERNA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Anyone can get it - most common in children
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4
Q

OTITIS EXTERNA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Excessive moisture in ear canal
  • Exposure to high bacteria levels
  • Cleaning ear canal (e.g., with cotton swabs
  • Ear devices (e.g., ear buds, hearing aids)
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5
Q

OTITIS EXTERNA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Usually mild unless not treated
  • Mild- itching in ear canal, redness inside ear, mild discomfort that’s made worse by pulling on outer ear, some drainage of clear, odourless fluid
  • Moderate- more-intense itching, inc P, more-extensive redness, excessive fluid damage, decreased or muffled hearing, feeling of fullness in ear
  • Advanced- severe P that may radiate to your face or neck, complete blockage of ear canal, redness or swelling of outer ear, swelling in lymph node in neck, fever
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6
Q

OTITIS MEDIA - DEFINITION

A
  • Infection of the middle ear
  • Air-filled space behind eardrum that contains vibrating bones in ear
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7
Q

OTITIS MEDIA - CAUSE

A
  • Bacteria or virus
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8
Q

OTITIS MEDIA - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Children
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9
Q

OTITIS MEDIA - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Age - children between 6 months and 2 years
  • Infant feeding
  • Seasonal factors
  • Poor air quality
  • Cleft palate - difference in bone structure and muscles in children, makes it more difficult for eustachian tube to drain
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10
Q

OTITIS MEDIA - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Onset usually rapid
  • Ear pain, especially when lying down
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Trouble hearing or responding to sounds
  • Loss of balance
  • Drainage of fluid from ear
  • Headache
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11
Q

EARDRUM PERFORATION INFECTION - DEFINITION

A
  • Ruptured ear drum
  • Hole or tear in thin tissue that separates ear canal from middle ear
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12
Q

EARDRUM PERFORATION INFECTION - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Anyone (SEB DVK)
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13
Q

EARDRUM PERFORATION INFECTION - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Head trauma
  • Loud music
  • Changes in pressure- e.g., from flying
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14
Q

EARDRUM PERFORATION INFECTION - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Ear pain that may subside suddenly
  • Mucus like, pus-filled or bloody drainage of ear
  • Hearing loss
  • Tinnitus
  • Vertigo
  • Nausea or vomiting as result of vertigo
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15
Q

RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME - DEFINITION

A
  • Occurs when shingles outbreak affects the facial nerve near one of your ears
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16
Q

RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME - CAUSE

A
  • Varicella-zoster virus which causes chickenpox
17
Q

RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • More common in adults older than 60
  • Rare in children
18
Q

RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Isn’t contagious
  • Can be serious in people with immune problems
  • Until rash blisters scab over, avoid physical contact with
    1. Anyone who has never had chickenpox/vaccine
    2. Weak immune system
    3. New-borns
    4. Pregnant women
19
Q

RAMSEY HUNT SYNDROME - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Two main symptoms
    1. Painful red rash with fluid-filled blisters on/in around ear
    2. Facial weakness or paralysis on same side as affected ear
  • Usually occur at same time
  • Ear pain
  • Hearing loss
  • Tinnitus
  • Difficulty closing one eye
  • Change in taste perception
20
Q

HEARING LOSS - CONDUCTIVE

A
  1. Conductive- involves outer or middle ear
    • Composed of visible ear part (pinna) and ear canal
    • Pinna gathers sound waves from enviro and directs them into ear canal
    • Middle ear is an air-filled cavity that holds chain of three bones- hammer (malleus), anvil (incus) and stirrup (stapes)
    • These bones are separated from outer ear by eardrum, which vibrates when struck by sound wave
    • Middle ear connected to back of nose and upper part of throat by narrow channel called auditory tube- tube opens and closes throat end to equalise pressure in middle ear. Equal pressure on both sides of eardrum is important for normal vibration of eardrum
21
Q

HEARING LOSS - SENSORINEURAL

A
  1. Sensorineural- involves inner ear
    • group of interconnected fluid-filled chambers
    • Cochlea plays roll in hearing
    • Sound vibrations from bones of middle ear are transferred to fluids of cochlea
    • Tiny sensors lining cochlea convert vibrations into electrical impulses that are transmitted along auditory nerve to brain
    • This is where initial damage and hearing loss occur due to age, noise exposure, medication
    • Other fluid filled chambers of inner ear include semi-circular canals
    • Hair cells in semi-circular canal detect motion of fluid when you move in any direction
    • They convert motion into electrical signals that are transmitted along the vestibular nerve to the brain
    • Sensory info enables you to maintain your sense of balance
    • Aging and chronic exposure to loud noises both contribute to hearing loss
    • Other factors include- excessive ear wax, can temporarily reduce how well ear conducts sound
    • Ear made up of outer, middle and inner ear- each plays distinct role in converting sound waves into signals that travel to brain
22
Q

S&S OF HEARING LOSS

A
  • muffling of speech/other sounds
  • Difficulty understanding words, especially against background noise or in a crowd
  • Needing to turn up vol of TV
23
Q

HEARING LOSS - CAUSES

A
  • Damage to inner ear- aging and exposure to loud noise may cause wear and tear on hairs or nerve cells in cochlea
  • Gradual build up of ear wax- can block and prevent conduction of sound waves
  • Ear infection and abnormal bone growths or tumours
  • Ruptured eardrum
24
Q

HEARING LOSS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Aging
  • Loud noise
  • Hereditary
  • Some medications
25
Q

TMJ DYSFUNCTION - DEFINITION

A
  • TMJ dysfunction occurs when the muscles and ligaments around your jaw joints become inflamed or irritated
26
Q

TMJ DYSFUNCTION - CAUSE

A
  • Many causes, most common is when the disk erodes or moves out of its proper alignment
27
Q

TMJ DYSFUNCTION - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Older people
28
Q

TMJ DYSFUNCTION - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Various types of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
  • Jaw injury
  • Long-term (chronic) grinding or clenching of teeth
  • Certain connective tissue diseases that cause problems that may affect the temporomandibular joint
29
Q

TMJ DYSFUNCTION - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Pain or tenderness of your jaw
  • Pain in one or both of the temporomandibular joints
  • Aching pain in and around your ear
  • Difficulty chewing or pain while chewing
  • Aching facial pain
  • Locking of the joint, making it difficult to open or close your mouth
30
Q

TONSILLITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Tonsillitis occurs when your tonsils become infected
31
Q

TONSILLITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Can be caused by a bacteria or virus
32
Q

TONSILLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Tonsillitis is most common in children
33
Q

TONSILLITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Young age.
  • Frequent exposure to germs
34
Q

TONSILLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Sore or scratchy throat.
  • Pain or difficulty swallowing.
  • Red, swollen tonsils and throat.
  • Whitish spots on your tonsils — or a white, yellow or gray coating on your tonsils.
  • Fever above 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius).
  • Swollen lymph nodes (glands on the sides of your neck below your ears).
  • Stomachache or vomiting (more common in younger children).

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS (13 decks)

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