GI/GU DISEASES Flashcards
1
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - DEFINITION
A
- A type of inflammatory bowel disease
- The condition inflames and irritates the digestive tract – specifically the small and large intestines
- Common to experience periodic disease flare-ups
2
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - CAUSE
A
- No known cause of Chron’s disease
- There are some things can increase a persons risk factors for developing the condition
3
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - TYPES
A
- Ileocolitis
o Inflammation occurs in the small intestine and part of the large intestine, or colon
o The most common type of Chron’s disease - Ileitis
o Swelling and inflammation develop in the small intestine - Gastroduodenal
o Inflammation and irritation affect the stomach and top of the small intestine - Jejunoileitis
o Patchy areas of inflammation develop in the upper half of the small intestine
4
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED
A
- People of late teenage years to early 30s
5
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - RISK FACTORS
A
- Autoimmune disease
- Genes – often runs in families
- Smoking
- NSAIDs use
6
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A
- People with Chron’s can experience periods of severe symptoms (flare-ups) followed by periods of no or very mild symptoms (remission)
- Symptoms can range from mild to severe
- Symptoms during a flare-up usually develop gradually and sometimes suddenly, without warning
- Chronic diarrhoea
- Fever
- Fatigue
- Abdominal px and cramping
- Feeling of fullness
- Blood in stool
- Mouth sores
- Reduced appetite
- Weight loss
- Anal fissures
- Anal fistulas
- Rectal bleeding
- People with severe Crohn’s disease may also experience symptoms outside of the intestinal tract
o Inflammation of the skin, eyes and jts
o Inflammation of the liver or bile ducts
o Kidney stones
o Iron deficiency (anaemia)
o Delayed growth or sexual development in children
7
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - DIAGNOSIS
A
- Blood tests
o Checks for high white blood cells and low red blood cells - Stool test
- Colonoscopy
- CT scan
- Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy
- Upper GI exam
8
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - TREATMENT
A
- Treatment varies depending on what is causing symptoms
- Antibiotics
- Antidiarrheal medication
- Biologics
- Bowel rest
- Corticosteroids
- Immunomodulators
o Azathioprine
o Cyclosporine - Surgery
o Wont cure but can treat symptoms
9
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - PREVENTION
A
- Stop smoking
- Eat a healthy, low fat diet
- Exercise regularly
- Manage stress
10
Q
CHRON’S DISEASE - PROGNOSIS
A
- Most people with Chron’s disease enjoy healthy, active lives
- There isn’t a cure but treatments and lifestyle changes can keep the disease in remission and prevent complications
- Treatments and lifestyle changes can help keep the disease in remission and prevent complications
- Lifestyle changes include changing diet
11
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - DEFINITION
A
- Belongs to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Ulcerative colitis causes irritation and ulcers in the large intestine
- The inflammation usually starts at the rectum
- The inflammation can spread and affect a portion of the entire colon
12
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - CAUSE
A
- Cause is complex and involves many factors
- Researchers thing it is probably the result of an overactive immune response
13
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
A
- Anyone at any age can get ulcerative colitis
- Most common in Jewish people aged 15-30 or over 60
14
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - RISK FACTORS
A
- Have a close relative with inflammatory bowel disease
- Are aged between 15 and 30 or over 60
- Are Jewish
- Eat a high-fat diet
- Frequently use NSAIDs
15
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A
- Symptoms often get worse over time
- In the beginning the pt may notice
o Diarrhoea or urgent bowel movements
o Abdominal cramping
o Tiredness
o Nausea
o Weight loss
o Anaemia - Later the pt may also experience
o Blood, mucus or pus in bowel movements
o Severe cramping
o Fever
o Skin rashes
o Mouth sores
o Joint pain
o Red, painful eyes
o Liver disease
o Loss of fluids and nutrients
o Delayed or poor growth in children
16
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - DIAGNOSIS
A
- Blood tests
o Signs of infection or anaemia - Stool samples
- Imaging tests
o MRI or CT scan - Endoscopic tests
o Colonoscopy
o Sigmoidoscopy
17
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - TREATMENT
A
- No cure
- Treatments can calm the inflammation, help the pt feel better and get them back to doing their daily activities
- Treatment depends on the severity of the individuals symptoms
- Goal of medication is to induce and maintain remission as well as improve quality of life
- Aminosalicylates
o For mild to moderate UC
o Sulfasalazine - Corticosteroids
o For severe UC
o Prednisone
o Budesonide - Immunomodulators
o 6-mercaptopurine
o Azathioprine - Biologics
o For moderate to severe UC
o Infilixmab
o Adalimumab - Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors
o Tofacitinib
18
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - PREVENTION
A
- What causes UC flare-ups?
o Emotional stress
o NSAID use
o Antibiotics
o Certain foods
Greasy foods
High-sugar foods and drinks
Carbonated beverages
High-fibre foods
Alcohol
19
Q
ULCERATIVE COLITIS - PROGNOSIS
A
- Lifelong condition that can have mild to severe symptoms
- No cure
- Can treat the complications rather than the disease
- Around 10% get better after 1 attack
- More likely to have flareups throughout your life
- Some go weeks or years without any symptoms
- The longer the pt goes on without a flare the better their overall health will be
20
Q
GI DISEASE
A
- Gastrointestinal diseases affect the GI tract from the mouth to the anus
- There are 2 types: functional and structural
21
Q
S&S OF GI DISEASE
A
- Bloating
- Excess gas
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea
- Heart burn
- Nausea and vomiting
- Abdominal px
- Incontinence
- Weight loss
- Blood in stool
- Px
- Difficulty swallowing
- Changes in appetite
22
Q
GU DISEASE
A
- Disease relating to the genital and urinary organs.
23
Q
S&S OF GU DISEASE
A
- Frequent UTIs
- Pain in pelvic/groin area
- Bladder incontinence
- Pain or discomfort whilst urinating
- Blood in urine
- Bad or strong-smelling urine
- Reduced urine output
- Visually abnormal or malformed genitals
24
Q
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - GENERALISED ABDOMINAL REGION
A
- Appendicitis
- Crohn’s disease
- Traumatic injury
- IBS
- UTI
- Flu
25
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER ABDOMEN
- Appendicitis
- Intestinal obstruction
26
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER ABDOMEN IN FEMALES
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Dysmenorrhea (severe menstrual px)
- Ovarian cysts
- Miscarriage
- Fibroids
- Endometriosis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
27
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - UPPER ABDOMEN
- Gallstones
- Heart attack
- Hepatitis
- Pneumonia
28
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - CENTRAL ABDOMEN
- Appendicitis
- Gastroenteritis
- Injury
- Uraemia (build-up of waste products in the blood)
29
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER LEFT ABDOMEN
- Crohn’s disease
- Cancer
- Kidney infection
- Ovarian cysts
- Appendicitis
30
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - UPPER LEFT ABDOMEN
- Enlarged spleen
- Faecal impaction (hardened stool that can’t be eliminated)
- Injury
- Kidney infection
- Heart attack
- Cancer
31
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER RIGHT ABDOMEN
- Appendicitis
- Hernia
- Kidney infection
- Cancer
- Flu
32
ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - UPPER RIGHT ABDOMEN
- Hepatitis
- Injury
- Pneumonia
- Appendicitis
33
ABDOMINAL PAIN - SPEED OF ONSET - SUDDEN
- Occurs within a second
- Patient will relate the time of onset at a precise moment, usually stating exactly what activity was going on at the time the pain began
- Commonly associated with
- Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract from a gastric or duodenal ulcer
- A colonic diverticulum
- Foreign body
- Ruptured eptopic pregnancy
- Mesenteric infraction
- Ruptured aortic aneurysm
- Embolism of an abdominal vessel
34
ABDOMINAL PAIN - SPEED OF ONSET - RAPID
- Begins with a few seconds and increases in severity over the next several minutes
- Patient will recall the time of onset in general but without the precision noted in pain of sudden onset
- Associated with
- Cholecystitis
- Pancreitis
- Intestinal obstruction
- Diverticulitis
- Appendicitis
- Ureteral stone
- Penetrating gastric or duodenal ulcer
35
ABDOMINAL PAIN - SPEED OF ONSET - GRADUAL
- Pain that comes on slowly and becomes more severe after a number of hours or even days have elapsed
- Patient memory as to the time of onset of the pain is vague; they can only pinpoint the day or maybe the week of onset
- Generally associated with
- Neoplasms
- Chronic inflammatory processes
- Large bowel obstructions
36
ABDOMINAL PAIN - ASSOCIATED FEATURES
- Symptoms that accompany abdominal px are important in making an accurate diagnosis
- Some of the most important symptoms are
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal distention
- Diarrhoea
- Constipation
- Obstipation
- Tarry stools
- Chills
- Fever
- Urinating frequently
- Haematuria
- Jaundice
37
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - DEFINITION
- Occurs when the acid from the stomach leaks up into the oesophagus
38
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - CAUSE
- Caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content of the stomach
39
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Younger adults and teenagers
40
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - RISK FACTORS
- Obesity
- Hiatal hernia
- Pregnancy
- Connective tissue disorders, such as scleroderma
- Delayed stomach emptying
41
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Heart burn
- Usually after eating, which might be worse at night or while lying down
- Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
- Backwash
- Upper abdominal or chest px
- Dysphagia (trouble swallowing)
- Sensation of a lump in your throat
- If you have nighttime acid reflux other symptoms may be
- An ongoing cough
- Laryngitis (Inflammation of the vocal cords)
- New or worsening asthma
42
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - DEFINITION
- Peptic ulcers are sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine
43
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - CAUSE
- Occur when the acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine
44
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED
- **Gastric ulcers -** Tend to occur later in life, after 60, and affect more women than men
- **Duodenal ulcers -** Tend to appear between 30 and 50 and affect more men than women
45
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - RISK FACTORS
- These won’t cause stomach ulcers but they may make them worse and more difficult to heal
- Smoking
- Drinking alcohol
- Have untreated stress
- Eat spicy foods
46
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Burning stomach px
- Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching
- Intolerance to fatty foods
- Heartburn
- Nausea
- Many people with peptic ulcers don’t have any symptoms
- But sometimes people may experience severe symptoms, such as
- Vomiting or vomiting blood – which appear red or black
- Dark blood in stools, or stools that are black or tarry
- Trouble breathing
- Feeling faint
- Nausea and vomiting
- Unexplained weight loss
- Appetite changes
47
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - DEFINITION
- Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system
48
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - CAUSE
- Diverticula usually develop when naturally weak placed in your colon give way under pressure
- This causes marble-sized pouches to protrude through the colon wall
- Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula tear, resulting in inflammation and in some cases infection
49
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Over 40s
50
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - RISK FACTORS
- Aging
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Lack of exercise
- Diet high in animal fat and low in fibre
- Certain medications
51
DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Pain
- May be constant and persist for several days
- Lower left side of the abdomen is the usual site of pain
- Sometimes the right side of the abdomen is more painful, especially in people of Asian descent
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Fever
- Abdominal tenderness
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea (less common)
52
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - DEFINITION
- A common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines
53
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Females under 50
54
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - RISK FACTORS
- Younger people - Under 50
- Sex - Women affected more than men
- Have a family history of IBS
- Have anxiety, depression or other mental health issues
55
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Symptoms vary but are usually present for a long time
- Abdominal pain, cramping or bloating that is related to passing a bowel movement
- Changes in appearance of bowel movement
- Changes in how often you are having a bowel movement
- Diarrhoea
- Constipation
- Sensation of incomplete evacuation
- Increased gas
- Mucus in the stool
56
APPENDICITIS - DEFINITION
- Inflammation of appendix
57
APPENDICITIS - CAUSE
- Blockage in lining of appendix resulting in infection
- Bacteria multiplies rapidly and become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus
58
APPENDICITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- People aged 10-30
59
APPENDICITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Family Hx
- Male
- In children, CF increases risk
60
APPENDICITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Sudden pain that begins on right side of lower abdomen
- Pain that worsens if you cough, walk or make other jarring movements
- Nausea and vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Constipation or diarrhoea
- Bloating
61
PANCREATITIS - DEFINITION
- Inflammation of pancreas
62
PANCREATITIS - CAUSE
- When digestive enzymes become activated while still in pancreas, irritating cells of pancreas causing inflammation
63
PANCREATITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Men more likely to develop alcohol-related pancreatitis
- Women more likely to develop it from gallstones
64
PANCREATITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Excessive alcohol consumption
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Diabetes’s
- Family Hx
65
PANCREATITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Upper abdominal pain
- Pain radiation to back
- Tenderness in abdomen
- Fever
- Rapid pulse
- Nausea/vomiting
- **Chronic** - upper abdominal pain, losing weight without trying, smelly stools
66
LIVER CIRRHOSIS - DEFINITION
- Late stage of scarring on liver caused by many forms of liver disease and conditions such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
67
LIVER CIRRHOSIS - CAUSE
- Chronic alcohol abuse
- Chronic viral hepatitis (B, C or D)
68
LIVER CIRRHOSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Alcoholics, people with viral hepatitis and people who are overweight
69
LIVER CIRRHOSIS - RISK FACTORS
- Drinking too much alcohol
- Overweight
- Viral hepatitis
70
LIVER CIRRHOSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- No signs or symptoms till extensive liver damage
- Easy bleeding or bruising
- Oedema
- Weight loos
- Spiderlike blood vessels on skin
- Redness in palms
- Loss of period, unrelated to menopause
- Confusion/drowsiness
- Nausea
71
HEPITITIS A - DEFINITION
- Highly contagious infection
- Causes inflammation to liver, affecting its ability to function
72
HEPITITIS A - CAUSE
- Virus that affects liver cells → inflammation
- Virus spreads when infected stool enters mouth to another person, e.g., through infected food/drink
- Drinking contaminated water
- Eating food washed in contaminated water
- Eating raw shellfish from sewage polluted water
- Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus
73
HEPITITIS A - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Teens and adults who live high risk lifestyles
74
HEPITITIS A - RISK FACTORS
- Travel or work to areas where hep A is common
- Living with someone with hep A
- Sexual contact - men who have sex with men
- HIV +ve
- Recreational drugs
- Being homeless
75
HEPITITIS A - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Appear after few weeks of virus infection
- Unusual tiredness and weakness
- Sudden nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
- Clay or grey coloured stool
- Joint pain
- Dark urine
- Jaundice (yellow skin/eyes)
76
HEPITITIS A - PROGNOSIS
- Does not cuase long-term liver damage, doesn’t become chronic
- Can cause sudden loss of liver function, especially in older adults
77
HEPITITIS B - DEFINITION
- Tends to last less than six months
- Can become chronic
- Inc risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis
78
HEPITITIS B - CAUSE
- Passed through blood, semen, or other bodily fluids
- Sexual contact
- Sharing of needles
- Mother to child
79
HEPITITIS B - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Any one can get hep B
- Adults aged 30 - 60
80
HEPITITIS B - RISK FACTORS
- Having unprotected sex with someone who is infected
- Share needles during IV drug use
- Living with someone who has chronic HBV
- Infant born from infected mother
81
HEPITITIS B - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Abdominal pain
- Dark urine
- Fever
- Joint pain
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea and vomiting
- Weakness/fatigue
- Jaundice symptoms
82
HEPITITIS B - PROGNOSIS
- Most adults fully recover
- Infants/children likely to develop long-lasting hep B infection
- Vaccine prevents hep B
- No cure
83
HEPITITIS C - DEFINITION
- Liver inflammation → liver damage
84
HEPITITIS C - CAUSE
- Spreads when blood contaminated with virus enters bloodstream of uninfected person
- Exists in several distinct forms, known as genotypes
- Seven distinct HCV genotypes and more than 67 subtypes have been identified
85
HEPITITIS C - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Males aged 35 - 45
86
HEPITITIS C - RISK FACTORS
- Health care worker exposed to infected blood
- Have HIV
- Piercing/tattoo from unclean enviro
- Mother to baby
87
HEPITITIS C - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Usual silent for many years, until liver damage is enough to cause signs and symptoms of liver damage
- Bleeding/bruising easily
- Fatigue
- Poor appetite
- Dark-coloured urine
- Oedema
- Weight loss
- Confusion/drowsiness
- Spiderlike blood vessels in skin
88
HEPITITIS C - PROGNOSIS
- Curable with oral medication taken everyday for 2-6 months
- Usually goes away undiagnosed
89
HEPITITIS D - DEFINITION
- Can only get it if you have hep B
90
HEPITITIS D - CAUSE
- Exchange if infected blood or bodily fluid
- Can only infect you if you have hep B, hep D needs B strain to survive
- Happens in two ways
1. Co-infection- contract HBV and HDV at same time
2. Super-infection- become unwell with hep B then later develop hep D
91
HEPITITIS D - POPULATION AFFECTED
- People with chronic Hepatitis B infection
92
HEPITITIS D - RISK FACTORS
- Having hep B
- Inject drugs
- Have sex with someone with hep B or D
- Have HIV and hep B
93
HEPITITIS D - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Jaundice
- Stomach upset
- Pain in belly
- Vomiting
- Fatigue
- Joint pain
- Dark urine
- Light-coloured stool
- Symptoms may be worsened if you have hep B
94
HEPITITIS D - PROGNOSIS
- Can lead to lifelong liver damage and even death
- No cure yet, prescribe drugs to alleviate symptoms
95
HEPITITIS E - DEFINITION
- Most common cause of acute hepatitis in UK
96
HEPITITIS E - CAUSES
- Consumption of raw or undercooked pork metal or offal, also with wild boar, venison and shellfish
- Through faeces
97
HEPITITIS E - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Pregnant women
- Immunosuppressed people
98
HEPITITIS E - RISK FACTORS
- Poor hygiene
- Drinking/eating from contaminated source
99
HEPITITIS E - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Mild fever
- Fatigue
- Reduced hunger
- Vomiting
- Belly pain
- Dark urine
- Light-coloured faeces
100
HEPITITIS E - PROGNOSIS
- Generally mild and short-term (4-6 weeks)
- Does not require extra treatment
- Can be serious in people with weakened immune systems
- No vaccine, prevent by practicing good health and hygiene
101
ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - DEFINITION
- Alcoholic hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by drinking alcohol
102
ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - CAUSE
- Drinking excessive alcohol over many years
- Body’s process for breaking down chemicals produces highly toxic chemicals
- These chemicals trigger inflammation that destroys liver cells
- Over time, scars replace healthy liver tissue, interfering with functionality
- Cirrhosis is final stage of alcoholic liver disease
103
ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- People with a long history of alcohol abuse
104
ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Women
- Obesity
- Genetics
- Binge drinking
105
ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Rarely causes symptoms
- Can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some people
- Loss of appetite
- Nausea/vomiting
- Abdominal tenderness
106
ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - PROGNOSIS
- Reduced alcohol consumption to allow liver recovery
- Risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, cancer
107
AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - DEFINITION
- Types
1. Type 1- can occur at any age, common to have other autoimmune disorder
2. Type 2- most common in adults and young people
108
AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - CAUSE
- When immune system attacks liver
- Can lead to chronic inflammation and serious damage to liver cells
- Believed to be interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses and drugs
109
AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Females of any age and race
110
AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Female
- Hx of certain infections
- Hereditary
- Having autoimmune disease
111
AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Variable
- Fatigue
- Jaundice
- Enlarged liver
- Abnormal blood vessels on the skin
- Skin rashes
- Jt P
- Loss of menstrual periods
112
AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - PROGNOSIS
- Majority achieve remission and 10 year survival rate is around 94%
113
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - DEFINITION
- Infection in any part of urinary system
114
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - CAUSE
- When bacteria enter urinary tract through urethra and begins to spread to bladder
115
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Women with diabetes
116
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - RISK FACTORS
- Female anatomy
- Sexual activity + new sexual partners
- Certain type of birth control + spermicidal agents
- Menopause - post-menopause cases decline in circulating oestrogen changes urinary tract, inc risk of UTI
117
URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away
- Burning sensation when urinating
- Urinating often
- Urine appears red, bright pink or brown - signs of blood in urine
- Strong smelling urine
- Pelvic pain in women - especially in centre of pelvis and around pubic bone
**KIDNEYS** - Back or side pain, High fever, Shaking and chills, Nausea/vomiting
**BLADDER** - Pelvic pressure, Lower belly discomfort, Frequent, painful urination, Blood in urine
**URETHRA** - Burning with urination, Discharge
118
OVERACTIVE BLADDER - DEFINITION
- Causes frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may be difficult to control
119
OVERACTIVE BLADDER - CAUSES
- Occurs when bladder starts to contract on their own even when the volume of urine in bladder is low, called involuntary contractions, create urgent need to urinate
120
OVERACTIVE BLADDER - POPULATION AFFECTED
- People over 65
- Women often affected earlier in life
121
OVERACTIVE BLADDER - RISK FACTORS
- Advancing age - higher risk of conditions which can interfere with excretion
- Cognitive decline- e.g., from stroke
- Bowel control problems
122
OVERACTIVE BLADDER - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Feel a sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to control
- Unintentional loss of urine immediately after an urgent need to urinate
- Urinate frequently, usually eight or more times in 24 hours
- Wake up more than two times in night to urinate
123
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - DEFINITION
- Chronic condition causing bladder pressure, pain and pelvic pain
- Signals get mixed up in relation to when bladder is full and needs to excrete urine, leading to more frequent urination and smaller volumes of urine
124
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED
- Most commonly affects women
125
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - RISK FACTORS
- Women
- 30+
- Having chronic P disorder- e.g., IBS or fibromyalgia
126
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- Variable
- Gradual progression
- Flare ups triggered by menstruation, sitting for too long, stress, exercise, and sexual activity
- Pain in pelvis or between vagina and anus in women
- Pain between scrotum and anus in men
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Persistent, urgent need to urinate
- Pain or discomfort while bladder fills and relief after urinating
- Pain during sex
