Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS > GI/GU DISEASES > Flashcards

GI/GU DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • A type of inflammatory bowel disease
  • The condition inflames and irritates the digestive tract – specifically the small and large intestines
  • Common to experience periodic disease flare-ups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • No known cause of Chron’s disease
  • There are some things can increase a persons risk factors for developing the condition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - TYPES

A
  • Ileocolitis
    o Inflammation occurs in the small intestine and part of the large intestine, or colon
    o The most common type of Chron’s disease
  • Ileitis
    o Swelling and inflammation develop in the small intestine
  • Gastroduodenal
    o Inflammation and irritation affect the stomach and top of the small intestine
  • Jejunoileitis
    o Patchy areas of inflammation develop in the upper half of the small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People of late teenage years to early 30s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Genes – often runs in families
  • Smoking
  • NSAIDs use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • People with Chron’s can experience periods of severe symptoms (flare-ups) followed by periods of no or very mild symptoms (remission)
  • Symptoms can range from mild to severe
  • Symptoms during a flare-up usually develop gradually and sometimes suddenly, without warning
  • Chronic diarrhoea
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Abdominal px and cramping
  • Feeling of fullness
  • Blood in stool
  • Mouth sores
  • Reduced appetite
  • Weight loss
  • Anal fissures
  • Anal fistulas
  • Rectal bleeding
  • People with severe Crohn’s disease may also experience symptoms outside of the intestinal tract
    o Inflammation of the skin, eyes and jts
    o Inflammation of the liver or bile ducts
    o Kidney stones
    o Iron deficiency (anaemia)
    o Delayed growth or sexual development in children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Blood tests
    o Checks for high white blood cells and low red blood cells
  • Stool test
  • Colonoscopy
  • CT scan
  • Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy
  • Upper GI exam
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - TREATMENT

A
  • Treatment varies depending on what is causing symptoms
  • Antibiotics
  • Antidiarrheal medication
  • Biologics
  • Bowel rest
  • Corticosteroids
  • Immunomodulators
    o Azathioprine
    o Cyclosporine
  • Surgery
    o Wont cure but can treat symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - PREVENTION

A
  • Stop smoking
  • Eat a healthy, low fat diet
  • Exercise regularly
  • Manage stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

CHRON’S DISEASE - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Most people with Chron’s disease enjoy healthy, active lives
  • There isn’t a cure but treatments and lifestyle changes can keep the disease in remission and prevent complications
  • Treatments and lifestyle changes can help keep the disease in remission and prevent complications
  • Lifestyle changes include changing diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Belongs to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
  • Ulcerative colitis causes irritation and ulcers in the large intestine
  • The inflammation usually starts at the rectum
  • The inflammation can spread and affect a portion of the entire colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Cause is complex and involves many factors
  • Researchers thing it is probably the result of an overactive immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Anyone at any age can get ulcerative colitis
  • Most common in Jewish people aged 15-30 or over 60
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Have a close relative with inflammatory bowel disease
  • Are aged between 15 and 30 or over 60
  • Are Jewish
  • Eat a high-fat diet
  • Frequently use NSAIDs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Symptoms often get worse over time
  • In the beginning the pt may notice
    o Diarrhoea or urgent bowel movements
    o Abdominal cramping
    o Tiredness
    o Nausea
    o Weight loss
    o Anaemia
  • Later the pt may also experience
    o Blood, mucus or pus in bowel movements
    o Severe cramping
    o Fever
    o Skin rashes
    o Mouth sores
    o Joint pain
    o Red, painful eyes
    o Liver disease
    o Loss of fluids and nutrients
    o Delayed or poor growth in children
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Blood tests
    o Signs of infection or anaemia
  • Stool samples
  • Imaging tests
    o MRI or CT scan
  • Endoscopic tests
    o Colonoscopy
    o Sigmoidoscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - TREATMENT

A
  • No cure
  • Treatments can calm the inflammation, help the pt feel better and get them back to doing their daily activities
  • Treatment depends on the severity of the individuals symptoms
  • Goal of medication is to induce and maintain remission as well as improve quality of life
  • Aminosalicylates
    o For mild to moderate UC
    o Sulfasalazine
  • Corticosteroids
    o For severe UC
    o Prednisone
    o Budesonide
  • Immunomodulators
    o 6-mercaptopurine
    o Azathioprine
  • Biologics
    o For moderate to severe UC
    o Infilixmab
    o Adalimumab
  • Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors
    o Tofacitinib
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - PREVENTION

A
  • What causes UC flare-ups?
    o Emotional stress
    o NSAID use
    o Antibiotics
    o Certain foods
     Greasy foods
     High-sugar foods and drinks
     Carbonated beverages
     High-fibre foods
     Alcohol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ULCERATIVE COLITIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Lifelong condition that can have mild to severe symptoms
  • No cure
  • Can treat the complications rather than the disease
  • Around 10% get better after 1 attack
  • More likely to have flareups throughout your life
  • Some go weeks or years without any symptoms
  • The longer the pt goes on without a flare the better their overall health will be
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

GI DISEASE

A
  • Gastrointestinal diseases affect the GI tract from the mouth to the anus
  • There are 2 types: functional and structural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

S&S OF GI DISEASE

A
  • Bloating
  • Excess gas
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea
  • Heart burn
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Abdominal px
  • Incontinence
  • Weight loss
  • Blood in stool
  • Px
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Changes in appetite
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GU DISEASE

A
  • Disease relating to the genital and urinary organs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S&S OF GU DISEASE

A
  • Frequent UTIs
  • Pain in pelvic/groin area
  • Bladder incontinence
  • Pain or discomfort whilst urinating
  • Blood in urine
  • Bad or strong-smelling urine
  • Reduced urine output
  • Visually abnormal or malformed genitals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - GENERALISED ABDOMINAL REGION

A
  • Appendicitis
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Traumatic injury
  • IBS
  • UTI
  • Flu
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER ABDOMEN

A
  • Appendicitis
  • Intestinal obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER ABDOMEN IN FEMALES

A
  • Ectopic pregnancy
  • Dysmenorrhea (severe menstrual px)
  • Ovarian cysts
  • Miscarriage
  • Fibroids
  • Endometriosis
  • Pelvic inflammatory disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - UPPER ABDOMEN

A
  • Gallstones
  • Heart attack
  • Hepatitis
  • Pneumonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - CENTRAL ABDOMEN

A
  • Appendicitis
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Injury
  • Uraemia (build-up of waste products in the blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER LEFT ABDOMEN

A
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Cancer
  • Kidney infection
  • Ovarian cysts
  • Appendicitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - UPPER LEFT ABDOMEN

A
  • Enlarged spleen
  • Faecal impaction (hardened stool that can’t be eliminated)
  • Injury
  • Kidney infection
  • Heart attack
  • Cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - LOWER RIGHT ABDOMEN

A
  • Appendicitis
  • Hernia
  • Kidney infection
  • Cancer
  • Flu
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN SITES - UPPER RIGHT ABDOMEN

A
  • Hepatitis
  • Injury
  • Pneumonia
  • Appendicitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN - SPEED OF ONSET - SUDDEN

A
  • Occurs within a second
  • Patient will relate the time of onset at a precise moment, usually stating exactly what activity was going on at the time the pain began
  • Commonly associated with
    • Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract from a gastric or duodenal ulcer
    • A colonic diverticulum
    • Foreign body
    • Ruptured eptopic pregnancy
    • Mesenteric infraction
    • Ruptured aortic aneurysm
    • Embolism of an abdominal vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN - SPEED OF ONSET - RAPID

A
  • Begins with a few seconds and increases in severity over the next several minutes
  • Patient will recall the time of onset in general but without the precision noted in pain of sudden onset
  • Associated with
    • Cholecystitis
    • Pancreitis
    • Intestinal obstruction
    • Diverticulitis
    • Appendicitis
    • Ureteral stone
    • Penetrating gastric or duodenal ulcer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN - SPEED OF ONSET - GRADUAL

A
  • Pain that comes on slowly and becomes more severe after a number of hours or even days have elapsed
  • Patient memory as to the time of onset of the pain is vague; they can only pinpoint the day or maybe the week of onset
  • Generally associated with
    • Neoplasms
    • Chronic inflammatory processes
    • Large bowel obstructions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ABDOMINAL PAIN - ASSOCIATED FEATURES

A
  • Symptoms that accompany abdominal px are important in making an accurate diagnosis
  • Some of the most important symptoms are
    • Nausea
    • Vomiting
    • Abdominal distention
    • Diarrhoea
    • Constipation
    • Obstipation
    • Tarry stools
    • Chills
    • Fever
    • Urinating frequently
    • Haematuria
    • Jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - DEFINITION

A
  • Occurs when the acid from the stomach leaks up into the oesophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - CAUSE

A
  • Caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content of the stomach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Younger adults and teenagers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Obesity
  • Hiatal hernia
  • Pregnancy
  • Connective tissue disorders, such as scleroderma
  • Delayed stomach emptying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GORD) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Heart burn
    • Usually after eating, which might be worse at night or while lying down
  • Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
    • Backwash
  • Upper abdominal or chest px
  • Dysphagia (trouble swallowing)
  • Sensation of a lump in your throat
  • If you have nighttime acid reflux other symptoms may be
    • An ongoing cough
    • Laryngitis (Inflammation of the vocal cords)
    • New or worsening asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • Peptic ulcers are sores that develop on the inside lining of your stomach and the upper portion of your small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • Occur when the acid in the digestive tract eats away at the inner surface of the stomach or small intestine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Gastric ulcers - Tend to occur later in life, after 60, and affect more women than men
  • Duodenal ulcers - Tend to appear between 30 and 50 and affect more men than women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • These won’t cause stomach ulcers but they may make them worse and more difficult to heal
  • Smoking
  • Drinking alcohol
  • Have untreated stress
  • Eat spicy foods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Burning stomach px
  • Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching
  • Intolerance to fatty foods
  • Heartburn
  • Nausea
  • Many people with peptic ulcers don’t have any symptoms
  • But sometimes people may experience severe symptoms, such as
    • Vomiting or vomiting blood – which appear red or black
    • Dark blood in stools, or stools that are black or tarry
    • Trouble breathing
    • Feeling faint
    • Nausea and vomiting
    • Unexplained weight loss
    • Appetite changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - DEFINITION

A
  • Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - CAUSE

A
  • Diverticula usually develop when naturally weak placed in your colon give way under pressure
  • This causes marble-sized pouches to protrude through the colon wall
  • Diverticulitis occurs when diverticula tear, resulting in inflammation and in some cases infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Over 40s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Aging
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Lack of exercise
  • Diet high in animal fat and low in fibre
  • Certain medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

DIVERTICULAR DISEASE - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Pain
    • May be constant and persist for several days
    • Lower left side of the abdomen is the usual site of pain
    • Sometimes the right side of the abdomen is more painful, especially in people of Asian descent
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Fever
  • Abdominal tenderness
  • Constipation
  • Diarrhoea (less common)
52
Q

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - DEFINITION

A
  • A common disorder that affects the stomach and intestines
53
Q

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Females under 50
54
Q

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Younger people - Under 50
  • Sex - Women affected more than men
  • Have a family history of IBS
  • Have anxiety, depression or other mental health issues
55
Q

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Symptoms vary but are usually present for a long time
  • Abdominal pain, cramping or bloating that is related to passing a bowel movement
  • Changes in appearance of bowel movement
  • Changes in how often you are having a bowel movement
  • Diarrhoea
  • Constipation
  • Sensation of incomplete evacuation
  • Increased gas
  • Mucus in the stool
56
Q

APPENDICITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inflammation of appendix
57
Q

APPENDICITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Blockage in lining of appendix resulting in infection
  • Bacteria multiplies rapidly and become inflamed, swollen and filled with pus
58
Q

APPENDICITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People aged 10-30
59
Q

APPENDICITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Family Hx
  • Male
  • In children, CF increases risk
60
Q

APPENDICITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Sudden pain that begins on right side of lower abdomen
  • Pain that worsens if you cough, walk or make other jarring movements
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Constipation or diarrhoea
  • Bloating
61
Q

PANCREATITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Inflammation of pancreas
62
Q

PANCREATITIS - CAUSE

A
  • When digestive enzymes become activated while still in pancreas, irritating cells of pancreas causing inflammation
63
Q

PANCREATITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Men more likely to develop alcohol-related pancreatitis
  • Women more likely to develop it from gallstones
64
Q

PANCREATITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes’s
  • Family Hx
65
Q

PANCREATITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Upper abdominal pain
  • Pain radiation to back
  • Tenderness in abdomen
  • Fever
  • Rapid pulse
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Chronic - upper abdominal pain, losing weight without trying, smelly stools
66
Q

LIVER CIRRHOSIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Late stage of scarring on liver caused by many forms of liver disease and conditions such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
67
Q

LIVER CIRRHOSIS - CAUSE

A
  • Chronic alcohol abuse
  • Chronic viral hepatitis (B, C or D)
68
Q

LIVER CIRRHOSIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Alcoholics, people with viral hepatitis and people who are overweight
69
Q

LIVER CIRRHOSIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Overweight
  • Viral hepatitis
70
Q

LIVER CIRRHOSIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • No signs or symptoms till extensive liver damage
  • Easy bleeding or bruising
  • Oedema
  • Weight loos
  • Spiderlike blood vessels on skin
  • Redness in palms
  • Loss of period, unrelated to menopause
  • Confusion/drowsiness
  • Nausea
71
Q

HEPITITIS A - DEFINITION

A
  • Highly contagious infection
  • Causes inflammation to liver, affecting its ability to function
72
Q

HEPITITIS A - CAUSE

A
  • Virus that affects liver cells→inflammation
  • Virus spreads when infected stool enters mouth to another person, e.g., through infected food/drink
  • Drinking contaminated water
  • Eating food washed in contaminated water
  • Eating raw shellfish from sewage polluted water
  • Having sexual contact with someone who has the virus
73
Q

HEPITITIS A - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Teens and adults who live high risk lifestyles
74
Q

HEPITITIS A - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Travel or work to areas where hep A is common
  • Living with someone with hep A
  • Sexual contact - men who have sex with men
  • HIV +ve
  • Recreational drugs
  • Being homeless
75
Q

HEPITITIS A - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Appear after few weeks of virus infection
  • Unusual tiredness and weakness
  • Sudden nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
  • Clay or grey coloured stool
  • Joint pain
  • Dark urine
  • Jaundice (yellow skin/eyes)
76
Q

HEPITITIS A - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Does not cuase long-term liver damage, doesn’t become chronic
  • Can cause sudden loss of liver function, especially in older adults
77
Q

HEPITITIS B - DEFINITION

A
  • Tends to last less than six months
  • Can become chronic
  • Inc risk of developing liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis
78
Q

HEPITITIS B - CAUSE

A
  • Passed through blood, semen, or other bodily fluids
  • Sexual contact
  • Sharing of needles
  • Mother to child
79
Q

HEPITITIS B - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Any one can get hep B
  • Adults aged 30 - 60
80
Q

HEPITITIS B - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Having unprotected sex with someone who is infected
  • Share needles during IV drug use
  • Living with someone who has chronic HBV
  • Infant born from infected mother
81
Q

HEPITITIS B - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dark urine
  • Fever
  • Joint pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Weakness/fatigue
  • Jaundice symptoms
82
Q

HEPITITIS B - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Most adults fully recover
  • Infants/children likely to develop long-lasting hep B infection
  • Vaccine prevents hep B
  • No cure
83
Q

HEPITITIS C - DEFINITION

A
  • Liver inflammation→liver damage
84
Q

HEPITITIS C - CAUSE

A
  • Spreads when blood contaminated with virus enters bloodstream of uninfected person
  • Exists in several distinct forms, known as genotypes
  • Seven distinct HCV genotypes and more than 67 subtypes have been identified
85
Q

HEPITITIS C - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Males aged 35 - 45
86
Q

HEPITITIS C - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Health care worker exposed to infected blood
  • Have HIV
  • Piercing/tattoo from unclean enviro
  • Mother to baby
87
Q

HEPITITIS C - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Usual silent for many years, until liver damage is enough to cause signs and symptoms of liver damage
  • Bleeding/bruising easily
  • Fatigue
  • Poor appetite
  • Dark-coloured urine
  • Oedema
  • Weight loss
  • Confusion/drowsiness
  • Spiderlike blood vessels in skin
88
Q

HEPITITIS C - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Curable with oral medication taken everyday for 2-6 months
  • Usually goes away undiagnosed
89
Q

HEPITITIS D - DEFINITION

A
  • Can only get it if you have hep B
90
Q

HEPITITIS D - CAUSE

A
  • Exchange if infected blood or bodily fluid
  • Can only infect you if you have hep B, hep D needs B strain to survive
  • Happens in two ways
    1. Co-infection- contract HBV and HDV at same time
    2. Super-infection- become unwell with hep B then later develop hep D
91
Q

HEPITITIS D - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People with chronic Hepatitis B infection
92
Q

HEPITITIS D - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Having hep B
  • Inject drugs
  • Have sex with someone with hep B or D
  • Have HIV and hep B
93
Q

HEPITITIS D - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Jaundice
  • Stomach upset
  • Pain in belly
  • Vomiting
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain
  • Dark urine
  • Light-coloured stool
  • Symptoms may be worsened if you have hep B
94
Q

HEPITITIS D - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Can lead to lifelong liver damage and even death
  • No cure yet, prescribe drugs to alleviate symptoms
95
Q

HEPITITIS E - DEFINITION

A
  • Most common cause of acute hepatitis in UK
96
Q

HEPITITIS E - CAUSES

A
  • Consumption of raw or undercooked pork metal or offal, also with wild boar, venison and shellfish
  • Through faeces
97
Q

HEPITITIS E - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Pregnant women
  • Immunosuppressed people
98
Q

HEPITITIS E - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Poor hygiene
  • Drinking/eating from contaminated source
99
Q

HEPITITIS E - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Mild fever
  • Fatigue
  • Reduced hunger
  • Vomiting
  • Belly pain
  • Dark urine
  • Light-coloured faeces
100
Q

HEPITITIS E - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Generally mild and short-term (4-6 weeks)
  • Does not require extra treatment
  • Can be serious in people with weakened immune systems
  • No vaccine, prevent by practicing good health and hygiene
101
Q

ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Alcoholic hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by drinking alcohol
102
Q

ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - CAUSE

A
  • Drinking excessive alcohol over many years
  • Body’s process for breaking down chemicals produces highly toxic chemicals
  • These chemicals trigger inflammation that destroys liver cells
  • Over time, scars replace healthy liver tissue, interfering with functionality
  • Cirrhosis is final stage of alcoholic liver disease
103
Q

ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People with a long history of alcohol abuse
104
Q

ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Women
  • Obesity
  • Genetics
  • Binge drinking
105
Q

ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Rarely causes symptoms
  • Can cause sudden jaundice and liver failure in some people
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Abdominal tenderness
106
Q

ALCOHOLIC HEPITITIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Reduced alcohol consumption to allow liver recovery
  • Risk of developing cirrhosis, liver failure, cancer
107
Q

AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Types
    1. Type 1- can occur at any age, common to have other autoimmune disorder
    2. Type 2- most common in adults and young people
108
Q

AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - CAUSE

A
  • When immune system attacks liver
  • Can lead to chronic inflammation and serious damage to liver cells
  • Believed to be interaction of genes controlling immune system function and exposure to viruses and drugs
109
Q

AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Females of any age and race
110
Q

AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Female
  • Hx of certain infections
  • Hereditary
  • Having autoimmune disease
111
Q

AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Variable
  • Fatigue
  • Jaundice
  • Enlarged liver
  • Abnormal blood vessels on the skin
  • Skin rashes
  • Jt P
  • Loss of menstrual periods
112
Q

AUTOIMMUNE HEPITITIS - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Majority achieve remission and 10 year survival rate is around 94%
113
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - DEFINITION

A
  • Infection in any part of urinary system
114
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - CAUSE

A
  • When bacteria enter urinary tract through urethra and begins to spread to bladder
115
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Women with diabetes
116
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Female anatomy
  • Sexual activity + new sexual partners
  • Certain type of birth control + spermicidal agents
  • Menopause - post-menopause cases decline in circulating oestrogen changes urinary tract, inc risk of UTI
117
Q

URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI) - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Strong urge to urinate that doesn’t go away
  • Burning sensation when urinating
  • Urinating often
  • Urine appears red, bright pink or brown - signs of blood in urine
  • Strong smelling urine
  • Pelvic pain in women - especially in centre of pelvis and around pubic bone
    KIDNEYS - Back or side pain, High fever, Shaking and chills, Nausea/vomiting
    BLADDER - Pelvic pressure, Lower belly discomfort, Frequent, painful urination, Blood in urine
    URETHRA - Burning with urination, Discharge
118
Q

OVERACTIVE BLADDER - DEFINITION

A
  • Causes frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may be difficult to control
119
Q

OVERACTIVE BLADDER - CAUSES

A
  • Occurs when bladder starts to contract on their own even when the volume of urine in bladder is low, called involuntary contractions, create urgent need to urinate
120
Q

OVERACTIVE BLADDER - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • People over 65
  • Women often affected earlier in life
121
Q

OVERACTIVE BLADDER - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Advancing age - higher risk of conditions which can interfere with excretion
  • Cognitive decline- e.g., from stroke
  • Bowel control problems
122
Q

OVERACTIVE BLADDER - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Feel a sudden urge to urinate that is difficult to control
  • Unintentional loss of urine immediately after an urgent need to urinate
  • Urinate frequently, usually eight or more times in 24 hours
  • Wake up more than two times in night to urinate
123
Q

INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - DEFINITION

A
  • Chronic condition causing bladder pressure, pain and pelvic pain
  • Signals get mixed up in relation to when bladder is full and needs to excrete urine, leading to more frequent urination and smaller volumes of urine
124
Q

INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Most commonly affects women
125
Q

INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Women
  • 30+
  • Having chronic P disorder- e.g., IBS or fibromyalgia
126
Q

INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Variable
  • Gradual progression
  • Flare ups triggered by menstruation, sitting for too long, stress, exercise, and sexual activity
  • Pain in pelvis or between vagina and anus in women
  • Pain between scrotum and anus in men
  • Chronic pelvic pain
  • Persistent, urgent need to urinate
  • Pain or discomfort while bladder fills and relief after urinating
  • Pain during sex

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions