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SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS > PNS CONDITIONS > Flashcards

PNS CONDITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - DEFINITION

A
  • Commonly known as shingles
  • Shingles is a viral infection that causes an outbreak of a painful rash or blisters on the skin
  • It is caused by the same virus that causes chicken pox
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2
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - CAUSE

A
  • Shingles is caused by the varicella-zoster virus
  • This is the same virus that causes chicken pox
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3
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - POPULATION AFFECTED

A
  • Typically affects older people and those who are inane suppressed
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4
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Having a weakened immune system
  • Over 50
  • Been recently ill
  • Experienced trauma
  • Under stress
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5
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Headache
  • Feeling tired
  • Sensitivity to light
  • Stomach upset
  • An itching, tingling or burning feeling in an area of your skin
  • Redness on the skin in the affected area
  • Raised rash in a small area of the skin - Fluid-filled blisters that break open then scab over
  • Mild to severe pain in the area of skin affected
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6
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - DIAGNOSIS

A
  • Shingles can be diagnosed by the way the rash is distributed on the body
  • The blisters of a shingles rash usually appear in a band on one side of the body
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7
Q

ACUTE HERPES ZOSTER - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Can be a very painful condition
  • If shingles involves the eye it can lead to blindness
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8
Q

UPPER MOTOR NEURONE - DEFINITION

A

Upper motor neurons originate in the cerebral cortex and descend through the spinal cord, where they interact with lower motor neurons

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9
Q

UPPER MOTOR NEURONE S&S

A
  • Weakness with minimal or absent associated atrophy
  • Hyperactive reflexes
  • Increased muscle tone
  • Spasticity
  • Rigidity
  • Minimal paralysis of voluntary movement
  • Tremor
  • Chorea
    • Random involuntary contractions of the extremities
  • Athetosis
    • Slow, irregular movements in the distal extremities
  • Dystonia
    • Sustained, involuntary twisting movements
  • Positive Babinski’s and Hoffman’s reflexes
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10
Q

LOWER MOTOR NEURONE - DEFINITION

A

Lower motor neuron lesions are lesions anywhere from the anterior horn of the spinal cord, peripheral nerve, neuromuscular junction, or muscle. This type of lesion causes hyporeflexia, flaccid paralysis, and atrophy.

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11
Q

LOWER MOTOR NEURONE - CAUSE

A

Most common cause is trauma to peripheral nerves that serve the axons, and viruses that selectively attack ventral horn cells

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12
Q

LOWER MOTOR NEURONE - S&S

A
  • Weakness - limited to focal or root innervated pattern
  • Muscle atrophy (wasting) - prominent in a focal pattern
  • Reflexes - absent or reduced in a lower motor neuron lesion
  • Fasciculation’s present in the associated muscle group - Fasciculations = muscle twitching
  • Babinski sign absent - downward going digits
  • hypotonia or atonia - tone is not velocity dependent
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13
Q

RADIAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - DEFINITION

A
  • Impingement of the radial nerve
  • The nerve travels from the armpit down the back of the arm to the hand
  • It helps to move the arm, wrist and hand
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14
Q

RADIAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - DAMAGE CAUSED BY

A
  • Broken arm bone and other injury
  • Diabetes
  • Improper use of crutches leading to excess pressure in the armpit
  • Lead poisoning
  • Long-term or repeated constriction of the wrist
  • Long term pressure on the nerve, usually causes by swelling or injury of nearby body structures
  • Pressure to the upper arm from arm positions during sleep or coma
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15
Q

RADIAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - S&S

A
  • Abnormal sensations in the back and thumb side of the hand, or in the thumb, 2and 3fingers
  • Weakness of fingers
  • Loss of coordination of fingers
  • Problem straightening the arm at the elbow
  • Problem bending the hand back at the wrist or holding the hand
  • Problems in the areas controlled by the nerve
    • Pain
    • Numbness
    • Decreased sensation
    • Tingling
    • Burning sensation
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16
Q

RADIAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • In most cases the impingement can be treated successfully with a good chance of full recovery
  • Sometimes no treatment is needed
  • Medications can be used if needed
    • Over the counter prescription px medications
    • Corticosteroid injections around the nerve to reduce swelling and pressure
  • Supportive splint
  • Elbow pad
  • Physical therapy to maintain the muscle strength in the arm
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17
Q

MEDIAN NERVE IMPINGEMENT - DEFINITION

A
  • Impingement of the median nerve
  • Mononeuropathy that affects movement of or sensation in the hand
18
Q

MEDIAN NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSE

A
  • Caused by compression of the median nerve in the elbow or distally in the forearm or wrist with symptoms in the median nerve distribution only
  • Injury
  • Rheumatoid or wrist arthritis
  • Stress from repetitive work
  • Hobbies or sports activities
  • Obesity
19
Q

MEDIAN NERVE IMPINGEMENT - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Sex - Women more likely
  • Bone spurs - Trauma or a condition that causes bone thickening, such as OA
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Thyroid disease
  • Diabetes
  • Overuse
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Prolonged bed rest
20
Q

MEDIAN NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Hand or wrist pain, numbness, weakness or tingling
  • Hand px that wakes you up at night
  • Pain, burning or tingling sensation in the forearm
  • Problems grasping items, writing or using a keyboard
  • Tenderness or pain in the elbow
  • Loss of muscle in the thumb (rare symptom)
21
Q

MEDIAN NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Prognosis depends on the severity of the injury
  • Prognosis for median nerve impingement is usually good
22
Q

ULNAR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - DEFINITION

A
  • Ulnar nerve entrapment affects your ulnar nerve in your arm
23
Q

ULNAR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSE

A
  • Can occur when there is prolonged stretching of the nerve by keeping the elbow fully bent or when there is direct pressure on the nerve from leaning the elbow against a solid surface
  • Entrapment at the wrist can occur when there is direct pressure on the berve by leaning on handlebars during long bike rides or prolonged use of hand tools
  • Accidents
  • Arthritis
  • Broken bones or bone spurs
  • Diabetes
  • Dislocated elbow
  • Tumours or cysts
24
Q

ULNAR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - RISK FACTORS

A
  • Sex - Men more
  • Sports - Baseball players, Golfers, Tennis players, Bicyclists
  • Construction workers
  • People who smoke
  • Typists, writers and others who use a keyboard frequently
  • Weightlifters
25
Q

ULNAR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A
  • Pain in forearm
  • Tingling in forearm
  • Numbness in forearm
  • Weakness in the hand
  • Tenderness in the hand
  • Tingling in the palm and 4and 5fingers
  • Sensitivity to cold
  • Tenderness in the elbow joint
  • Loss of muscle mass (in severe cases)
26
Q

ULNAR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Usually not serious
  • But can have permeant consequences without prompt treatment - Paralysis and loss of feeling in the affected hand or arm
  • With proper diagnosis and treatment most people with ulnar nerve impingement can make a full recovery
27
Q

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE IMPINGEMENT - S&S

A
  • Weakness in elbow or shoulder flexion
  • Atrophy of biceps brachii
  • Pain or paraesthesia at lateral forearm
28
Q

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSES

A
  • Brachial plexus injury
  • Compression injury- e.g., during weightlifting
  • Shoulder dislocation
  • Shoulder surgery
  • Entrapment of nerve at elbow
29
Q

MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Several months typically required after axonotmesis injury
  • 2-9 months
30
Q

AXILLARY NERVE IMPINGEMENT - S&S

A
  • Shoulder or arm muscle weakness
  • Shoulder or arm wasting
  • Numbness in arm- around deltoid
31
Q

AXILLARY NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSES

A
  • Systemic disorder that causes nerve inflammation
  • Fracture of humerus
  • Pressure from cast or splint
  • Shoulder dislocation
32
Q

AXILLARY NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Full recovery usually occurs
  • 6-12 months
33
Q

FEMORAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - S&S

A
  • Leg, ankle or foot numbness/tingling/weakness
  • Lower back pain
  • Difficulty straightening knee, leg or ankle
  • Muscle atrophy in legs
  • Impaired gait
34
Q

FEMORAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSES

A
  • Direct trauma
  • Prolonged pressure on nerve
  • Compression, stretching or entrapment of nerve- e.g., by tumour or abnormal blood vessel
35
Q

FEMORAL NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • If left untreated, can lead to permanent damage or death of nerve
36
Q

OBTURATOR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - S&S

A
  • Medial thigh or groin pain
  • Weakness with leg adduction
  • Sensory loss in medial thigh of affected side
37
Q

OBTURATOR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSES

A
  • Compression during pregnancy
  • Can become entrapped at exit of obturator canal or more distally by fascia
  • Trauma
  • Nerve being stretch during surgery
38
Q

OBTURATOR NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Without treatment, entrapment of obturator nerve can lead to ongoing P in groin
39
Q

SCIATIC NERVE IMPINGEMENT - S&S

A
  • Painful- Pain may be stabbing, burning, stabbing
  • Tingling- like pins and needles
  • Numb down back of leg
  • Weak hamstrings etc
40
Q

SCIATIC NERVE IMPINGEMENT - CAUSES

A
  • Herniated disc
  • Bony spur
41
Q

SCIATIC NERVE IMPINGEMENT - PROGNOSIS

A
  • Usually goes away on its own with time and self-care treatments
  • Ice, stretching, NSAIDs

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS (13 decks)

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