Respiratory apparatus Flashcards
What parts of the trachea are there?
cervical part which is the ventral part of the neck.
thoracic part which is through the mediastinum.
What is the structure of the trachea?
- Incomplete C-shaped cartilages.
- Connected through fibrous tissue and smooth muscle.
- Respiratory mucous continuous on from larynx and bronchi.
What is the carnivore trachea structure?
- 38 - 46 cartilages
- trachea cartilages don’t meet dorsally
- trachealis muscle to attached to external side of cartilage.
What is the swine trachea structure?
- 32 - 36 cartilages
- tracheal cartilages overlap each other
- muscle attached to cartilage deep surfaces
What is the ox trachea structure?
- 48 - 60 cartilages
- tracheal muscle is attached to deep surface of rings.
What is the horse trachea structure?
- 52 cartilages
- cartilage ends overlap
- flattened dorso-ventrally
What is a stroma?
Tissues that support air passages and blood vessels
What is parenchyma?
Tissues responsible for specific organ function.
Which lung is bigger?
The right lung.
What are the roots of the lung and where are they?
They are the bronchi, blood vessels and nerves. They are attached to the lung at the hilus.
What is the structure of the left lung?
It consists of two lobes; cranial and caudal parts.
The cranial part is separated into cranial and caudal part.
What is the structure of the right lung?
There are four lobes: caudal, cranial, middle and accessory.
What are the species differences in lungs?
Carnivores and pigs have the general pattern.
Ruminants have the general pattern in the left but the cranial lobe of the right lung has cranial and caudal division.
Horses have no subdivisions in the left cranial lobe and the right lung has no middle lobe.
What is another word for the accessory lobe?
Azygous lobe.
What are the lung surfaces?
Costal, medial and diaphragmatic.
Where is the costal surface of the lungs?
Against the ribs.
Where is the medial surface of the lungs?
Against thoracic vertebrae and mediastinum.
Where is the diaphragmatic surface of the lung?
Base of the lungs. Concave and lies diaphragm.
What are the borders of the lungs?
Dorsal, ventral and basal.
What is the pleura?
It’s a thin serous layer around the lungs.
There are two layers - parietal and visceral.
Where is the parietal layer?
Surrounding the thoracic cavity.
Where is the visceral layer?
Surrounding the lungs.
What is the mesopulmonum?
It is also known as the pulmonary ligament and it lies between the parietal and viscera pleura.
What are the three parts of the mediastinum?
cranial - cranial to the heart
middle - the heart
caudal - caudal to the heart
What is the function of the mediastinum?
Allows unilateral pneumothorax to be bilateral.
What is the plica vena cava?
the connection of pleura between vena cava and diaphragm.
What is mediastinal recess?
the space between the accessory lungs, plica vena cava and mediastinum.
What is the horse thoracic topography?
has 18 ribs.
the diaphragm is inserted at the 18th thoracic vertebrae.
heart is between the 3rd and 6th ribs.
What is the ox thoracic topography?
had 13 ribs.
diaphragm is inserted at the 13th rib.
heart is between 3rd and 6th ribs.
What is the dog thoracic topography?
has 13 ribs.
diaphragm is inserted on the upper half if the 13th and lower quater of 12th rib.
heart is between 3rd to 7th rib,
What is the respiratory airway pattern?
bronchi —> lobar bronchi —> segmental bronchi —> bronchoile —> respiratory bronchiole —> alveolar duct —> alveolar saccule —> pulmonary alveoli.
An infraglottic obstruction is located?
caudally to the epiglottis region
A normal pleural cavity
- negative pressure
- mm of fluid
- visceral space
A damage to caudal laryngeal nerve will prevent the epiglottis from?
prevents it from opening
The caudal mediastinum is not fenestrated in which animal?
cow
What is the general lobe pattern in domestic species
4
What is the major component at alveoli level?
endothelial
A space corresponding to the backing of the 2 medstinal pleurae is what?
mediastinum
What is the larynx composed of?
1 cricoid, 2 artynoid, 1 thyroid and 1 epiglottis.
A pathological plerual effusion (liquid in the pleural cavity) may lead to?
- lung collapse
- compromised respiratory bulk flow model
- respiratory mechanics deficit
