Respiratory And Circulatory Flashcards
Aerobic organism
Animal cells must be sufficiently supplied with oxygen so that they can use the energy from food molecules to produce large numbers of ATP via cellular respiration
What happens when an animal cell lacks oxygen?
It must resort to fermentation to produce a much small number of ATP per food molecule, and will produce lactic acid and a byproduct
Why is fermentation a backup plan?
It cannot sustain active animal cells for much longer than you can hold your breath
Why is diffusion inefficient for animals?
Animals cannot rely on diffusion alone to deliver necessary oxygen
What do respiratory systems do? (In general)
Increase absorption of oxygen into the body by greatly increasing the surface area for gas exchange and constantly bringing a fresh supply of air in contact with the lungs
What do circulatory systems do? (General)
Use a muscular heart to circulate blood within the body so the every cell is efficiently supplied with need nutrients and wastes are efficiently removed
how do the partial pressures of o2 and co2 in blood change from when it enters the tissue capillaries to when it exits? Why do these changes occur?
The O2 con decreases and the CO2 concentration increases when the blood exits the tissue capillaries bc the cells take in O2 and produce CO2in cellular respiration
Why do these tissues have such low partial pressures of O2 and high partial pressures of CO2 ?
What makes the partial pressure of O2 so variable among diff tissues?
Cells produce CO2 and use O2, resulting in less O2 in the cells. The partial pressure is variable because tissues like muscles need moreO2 - require more energy. Cells don’t need as much energy- require less O2
What happens to deoxygenated blood as it passes through the lung capillaries?
Inhaled oxygen travels from the alveoli in the lungs through the walls of the capillaries into the blood.
At the same time CO2 passes from the blood into the alveoli.
CO2 leaves when you exhale
How do we maintain a high con of O2 in our alveoli wen oxygen is constantly diffusing out of the alveoli and into the blood?
Maintaining a remaining volume of oxygen within the alveoli and not diffusing it all into the blood
List all the structures and capillaries that a RBC will visit as it takes one round trip thru circulatory system
Vena cava R atrium Tricuspid valve R ventricle Semilunar valve Pulmonary artery Alveolar capillaries Pulmonary veins L atrium Bicuspid (mitral) valve L ventricle Semilunar valve Aortic arch Aorta Systemic capillaries Systemic veins
What cause an artery to expand?
The heart pushes blood through the arteries, causing them to expand and contract in response to the flow of blood
What forces cause an artery to pump blood?
Gravity, muscular walls
What forces cause a vein to pump blood?
Gravity, muscle movements
Explain differences b/w arteries and veins and how BP changes after it passes trough try capillaries
Arteries- muscular walled bc they need to withstand the force of the heart pumping the blood.
Veins- rely on muscle movements and gravity to bring the blood back to the heart bc velocity of the blood isn’t fast enough after it travels through capillary beds
How’s does the diaphragm help us breathe?
Pushes downwards, creates negative pressure within the lungs allowing air to rush in. Relaxes upward, forcing air out
Identify components of dissected rat
Lab book
Vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume
Identify these on graph
VC- max amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
ERV- addition amount of air that can be expired from the lungs determined after normal expiration
IRV- maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration
Lab book
Explain why we maintain a residual volume of air in our lungs and airways, how does this affect partial pressure gradients our lung capillaries?
Keep our alveoli open even after max expiration. Allows for continual gas exchange to occur between breaths
Explain why resting tidal volume differs so much from our vital capacity
TV- volume of air moved into and out of the lungs with normal quiet breathing
VC- total MAX volume that can be inhaled and exhaled during a SINGLE breath
Describe major events of the cardiac cycle and relate it to the sounds
DIASTOLE- contraction of atria and ventricles
SYSTOLE-relaxation
The “ lub” is the first heart sound, commonly termed S1, and is caused by turbulence caused by the closure of mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole. The second sound,” dub” or S2, is caused by the closure of aortic and pulmonic valves, marking the end of systole.
Identify vein/artery looking at cross section, justify your answers
Lab book
How do you measure your heart rate/ BP?
Heart rate: counts how many times your heart beats per minute x 2
BP: higher number is systolic pressure, lower is diastolic
