Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards
Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell thick membrane.
Alveoli
This is found in the alveoli and reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse.
Surfactant
This pleura lies adjacent to the lung itself.
Visceral Pleura
This pleura lines the chest wall.
Parietal Pleura
This pleura lies between two other layers and contains a think layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural surfaces.
Intrapleural Space
The maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely.
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
The minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely.
Residual Volume (RV)
The difference between the minimum and the maximum volume of air in the lungs.
Vital Capacity (VC)
The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
Tidal Volume (TV)
The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
A collection of cells in the medulla oblongata that regulates ventilation.
Ventilation Center
Respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide or low oxygen in the blood.
Chemoreceptors
What attacks peptidoglycan cells walls of gram positive bacteria?
Saliva
What can engulf and digest pathogoens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader?
Macrophages
What has antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals (often involved in allergic reactions as well).
Mast Cells
Refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed.
Systole
Refers to when the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed.
Diastole
What is cardiac output?
The product of heart rate and stroke volume.
This is where blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein.
Hepatic Portal System
This is where blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Hypophyseal Portal System
Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole.
Rectal Portal System
Lacks mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
These are formed in the bone marrow and are a crucial part of the immune system.
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
These are cells fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation.
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
What measures blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
The force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels in blood.
Blood Pressure
How is blood pressure maintained?
- Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
The pressure of fluid within the blood vessel (forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed).
Hydrostatic Pressure
The “sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes.
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure due to proteins; draws fluid back in at the venule end.
Oncotic Pressure
What muscles are used during active inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Diaphragm, Scalene, Stenocleidomastoid + External Intercostal Muscles
Exhalation: Interal Intercostal + Abdominal Muslces
What muscles are used for passive inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Mostly Diaphragm Muscle
Exhalation: Elastic Recoil
A system in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series.
Portal System
Percent of blood that has erythrocytes.
Hematocrit
The production of blood cells and platelets is called?
Hematopoiesis
