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MCAT 528 Biology > Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems > Flashcards

Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell thick membrane.

A

Alveoli

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2
Q

This is found in the alveoli and reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface, preventing collapse.

A

Surfactant

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3
Q

This pleura lies adjacent to the lung itself.

A

Visceral Pleura

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4
Q

This pleura lines the chest wall.

A

Parietal Pleura

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5
Q

This pleura lies between two other layers and contains a think layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural surfaces.

A

Intrapleural Space

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6
Q

The maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely.

A

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

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7
Q

The minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely.

A

Residual Volume (RV)

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8
Q

The difference between the minimum and the maximum volume of air in the lungs.

A

Vital Capacity (VC)

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9
Q

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.

A

Tidal Volume (TV)

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10
Q

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

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11
Q

The volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation.

A

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

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12
Q

A collection of cells in the medulla oblongata that regulates ventilation.

A

Ventilation Center

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13
Q

Respond to carbon dioxide concentrations, increasing the respiratory rate when there are high concentrations of carbon dioxide or low oxygen in the blood.

A

Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

What attacks peptidoglycan cells walls of gram positive bacteria?

A

Saliva

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15
Q

What can engulf and digest pathogoens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader?

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

What has antibodies on their surface that, when triggered, can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals (often involved in allergic reactions as well).

A

Mast Cells

17
Q

Refers to the period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed.

A

Systole

18
Q

Refers to when the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed.

A

Diastole

19
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The product of heart rate and stroke volume.

20
Q

This is where blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via the hepatic portal vein.

A

Hepatic Portal System

21
Q

This is where blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

A

Hypophyseal Portal System

22
Q

Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole.

A

Rectal Portal System

23
Q

Lacks mitochondria, a nucleus, and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin.

A

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

24
Q

These are formed in the bone marrow and are a crucial part of the immune system.

A

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

25
Q

These are cells fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation.

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

26
Q

What measures blood pressure?

A

Sphygmomanometer

27
Q

The force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels in blood.

A

Blood Pressure

28
Q

How is blood pressure maintained?

A
  • Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor Reflexes
29
Q

The pressure of fluid within the blood vessel (forces fluid out at the arteriolar end of a capillary bed).

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

30
Q

The “sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes.

A

Osmotic Pressure

31
Q

Osmotic pressure due to proteins; draws fluid back in at the venule end.

A

Oncotic Pressure

32
Q

What muscles are used during active inhalation and exhalation?

A

Inhalation: Diaphragm, Scalene, Stenocleidomastoid + External Intercostal Muscles

Exhalation: Interal Intercostal + Abdominal Muslces

33
Q

What muscles are used for passive inhalation and exhalation?

A

Inhalation: Mostly Diaphragm Muscle

Exhalation: Elastic Recoil

34
Q

A system in which blood passes through two capillary beds in series.

A

Portal System

35
Q

Percent of blood that has erythrocytes.

A

Hematocrit

36
Q

The production of blood cells and platelets is called?

A

Hematopoiesis

MCAT 528 Biology (7 decks)

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