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MCAT 528 Biology > Nervous System & Hormones > Flashcards

Nervous System & Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Highly specialized cells responsible for the conduction of impulses.

A

Neurons

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2
Q

This communication occurs via ion exchange and the generation of membrane potentials down the length of the axon.

A

Electrical Communication

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3
Q

This communication occurs via neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic cell and the binding of these neurotransmitters to the postsynaptic cell.

A

Chemical Communication

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4
Q

Appendages that recieve signals from other cells.

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

The location of the nucleus as well as organelles such as the endoplasmic recticulum and ribosomes.

A

Soma

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6
Q

Where the cell body transitions to the axon, and where action potentials are initiated.

A

Axon Hillock

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7
Q

A long appendage down which an action potential travels.

A

Axon

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8
Q

The end of the axon from the neurotransmitters released.

A

Nerve Terminal (Synaptic Bouton)

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9
Q

Exposed areas of myelinated axons that permit saltatory conduction.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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10
Q

An insulating substance that prevents signal loss. Prevents dissipation of the neural impulse and crossing of neural impulses from adjacent neurons.

A

Myelin

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11
Q

A cluster of cell bodies of neurons of the same type within a nerve, in the PNS.

A

Ganglia

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12
Q

A cluster of cell bodies of the individual neurons within a tract, in the CNS.

A

Nuceli

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13
Q

How is myelin made (CNS vs. PNS)?

A
  • CNS: created by oligodendrocytes

- PNS: created by Schwann Cells

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14
Q

These cells nourish neurons and form the blood-brain barrier; which controls the transmission of solutes from the bloodstream into the nervous tissue.

A

Astrocytes

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15
Q

Cells that line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid, which physically supports the brain and serves as a shock absorber.

A

Ependymal Cells

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16
Q

Cells that are phagocytic and ingest/break down waste products and pathogens in the central nervous system.

A

Microglia

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17
Q

This pump is used to maintain resting membrane potential. It pumps 3 sodiums out of the cell for every two potassium ions pumped in.

A

Na+/K+ Pump

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18
Q

Refers to the addition of multiple signals near each other in time.

A

Temporal Summation

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19
Q

Refers to the addition of multiple signals near each other in space.

A

Spatial Summation

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20
Q

In this reflex, the sensory neurons (presynaptic) neuron fire directly onto the motor (postsynaptic) neuron.

A

Monosynaptic Reflex Arc

21
Q

In this reflex, the sensory neuron may fire onto a motor neuron, as well as interneurons that fire onto other motor neurons.

A

Polysynaptic Reflex Arc

22
Q

Hormones composed of amino acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during posttranslational modification. Also, these hormones are polar and cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

A

Peptide Hormones

23
Q

Hormones derived from cholesterol that are minimally polar and can pass through the plasma membrane.

A

Steroid Hormones

24
Q

Hormones that are modified amino acids. Their chemistry share some features with peptide and steroid hormones. These share different features than other hormone classses (ex. epinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine).

A

Amino Acid-Derivative Hormones

25
Q

Hormones that have major effects in non-endocrine tissues.

A

Direct Hormones

26
Q

Hormones that have major effects in other endocrine tissues.

A

Tropic Hormones

27
Q

Stimulates follice maturation; spermatogenesis.

A

Follicle-Stimulating (FSH)

28
Q

Stimulates ovulation; testosterone synthesis.

A

Lutenizing (LH)

29
Q

Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones.

A

Thyroid-Stimulating (TSH)

30
Q

Stimulates adrenal cortex to make and secrete glucocorticoids.

A

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

31
Q

Stimulates milk production and secretion.

A

Prolactin

32
Q

Inhibits perception of pain in the brain.

A

Endorphins

33
Q

Stimulates bone and muscle growth/lipolysis.

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

34
Q

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor, milk secretion during lactation.

A

Oxytocin

35
Q

Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys via low volume AND high blood osmolarity.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)

36
Q

Stimulates metabolic activity.

A

Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)

37
Q

Decreases (tones down) blood calcium levels.

A

Calcitonin

38
Q

Increases blood calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

39
Q

Increases blood glucose level and decreases protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory.

A

Glucocorticoids

40
Q

Increases sodium and water reabsorption in kidneys.

A

Mineralocorticoids

41
Q

Increases blood glucose level and heart rate.

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

42
Q

Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver; increases blood glucose.

A

Glucagon

43
Q

Lowers blood glucose; increases glycogen stores.

A

Insulin

44
Q

An inhibitor of both insulin and glucagon secretion. High blood glucose and amino acid concentrations stimulate it’s secretion.

A

Somatostatin

45
Q

Promotes growth/maintenence of endometrium.

A

Progesterone

46
Q

Helps regulate salt and water balance via atria heart cells. When cells in the atria are stretched from excess blood volume, they release this hormone, which promotes excretion of sodium and therefore increases urine volume (antagonistic to aldosterone because it lowers volume, NOT osmolarity).

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

47
Q

Stimulates T-cell development.

A

Thymosin

48
Q

What are the three distinct types of cells throughout the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)?

A
  1. Alpha - Secrete Glucagon
  2. Beta - Secrete Insulin
  3. Delta - Secrete Somatostatin

MCAT 528 Biology (7 decks)

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