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MCAT 528 Biology > Excretory and Musculature Systems > Flashcards

Excretory and Musculature Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

The movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule. This direction and rate is measured by Starling Forces.

A

Filtration

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2
Q

Accounts for the hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman’s space.

A

Starling Forces

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3
Q

The movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bownman’s capsule.

A

Secretion

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4
Q

The movement of solutes from filtrate to blood.

A

Reabsorption

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5
Q 
The site of bulk reabsorption of:
- glucose
- AA
- soluble vitamins
- salt and water
Also the site of secretion for:
- H+
- K+
- NH3+
- urea
A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

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6
Q

Permeable to water but NOT salt; therefore, as the filtrate moves into more osmoticlaly concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate.

A

Descending Loop of Henle

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7
Q

Permeable to salt but NOT water; therefore, salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively.

A

Asending Loop of Henle

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8
Q

Responsive to aldoesterone and is a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion (like PCT).

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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9
Q

Responsive to both aldosterone and ADH and has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body’s needs.

A

Collecting Duct

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10
Q

A steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (stimulated with low BP/BV) that increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, thereby increasing water reabsorption.

A

Aldosterone

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11
Q

A peptide hormone that is release stimulated by low blood volume and high blood osmolarity. Increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water, increasing water reabsorption (thus, increased BV/BP and decreased BO).

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/Vasopressin)

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12
Q

Three major layers of the skin?

A
  • Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)
  • Dermis
  • Epidermis
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13
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum (B)asale - Deepest
  2. Stratum (S)pinosum
  3. Stratum (G)ranulosum
  4. Stratum (L)ucidum
  5. Stratum (C)orneum - Superficial
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14
Q

What protect the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation?

A

Melanin (produced by melanocytes)

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15
Q

Special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin.

A

Langerhans Cells

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16
Q

Basic contractile unit of striated muscle.

A

Sarcomere

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17
Q

What is mostly in thick filaments?

A

Myosin

18
Q

What is mostly in thin filaments?

A

Actin

19
Q

Are found in thin filaments and regulate actin-myosin interactions.

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

20
Q

A muscle cell or muscle fiber that contains many myofibrils.

A

Myocyte

21
Q

Sarcomeres attach end to end to become?

A

Myofibrils

22
Q

Explain the mechanism of muscle contraction.

A
  1. Motor neurons release ACh that binds to the receptors on the sarcolemma, causing depolarization (releasing Ca2+).
  2. Ca2+ binds to troponin > myosin binds to actin.
  3. Powerstroke occurs and the sarcomere contracts; ADP and Pi dissassociate from myosin.
  4. New ATP binds to myosin and this causes the myosin to detach from actin; hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi causes recocking of the myosin head.
23
Q

A heme containing protein that is a muscular oxygen reserve.

A

Myoglobin

24
Q

Provides strength and density (part of bone).

A

Compact Bone

25
Q

Has a lattice-like structure consisting of bony spicules called trabeculae. The cavities are filled with bone marrow.

A

Sponge/Cancellous Bone

26
Q

A layer of connnective tissue that surrounds the bone.

A

Periosteum

27
Q

Bone is organized into concentric rings called?

A

Lamellae

28
Q

A central canal in an osteon (or Haversion System).

A

Haversion Canal or Volkman’s Canal

29
Q

What is between lamellar rings where osteocytes reside?

A

Lacunae

30
Q

Lacunae are connected via what? This allows for nutrient and waste transfer.

A

Canaliculi

31
Q

Bone builders.

A

Osteoblasts

32
Q

Reabsorp bone.

A

Osteoclasts

33
Q

Increases reabsorption of bone and increases calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood.

A

PTH

34
Q

Increases reabsorption of bone but this leads to an increased turover (producing stronger bone).

A

Vitamin D

35
Q

Increases bone formation and decreases calcium concentrations in blood.

A

Calcitonin

36
Q

A firm, elastic material secreted by chondrocytes. It’s matrix is called chondrin.

A

Cartilage

37
Q

How does bone form from cartilage in fetal life?

A

Endochondrial Ossification

38
Q

Joints fused together to form sutures or similar fibrous joints.

A

Immovable Joints

39
Q

Joints are usually strengthened by ligaments and contain a synovial capsule.

A

Movable Joints

40
Q

Secreted by the synovium and aids in motion by lubricating joints.

A

Synovial Fluid

MCAT 528 Biology (7 decks)

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