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MCAT 528 Biology > Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, Viruses > Flashcards

Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four basic tenents of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells.
  2. The cell is the basic functional unit of life.
  3. Cells arise only from preexisting cells.
  4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell.
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2
Q

What is special about a Eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Nucleus
  • May form multicellular organisms
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3
Q

What suspends organelles in eukaryotic cells and allows diffusion of molecules throughout the cell?

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

What contains DNA organized into chromosomes?

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and contains nuclear pores for two-way exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytosol?

A

Nuclear Membrane/Envelope

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6
Q

DNA organized into coding regions?

A

Genes

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7
Q

A subsection of the nucleus in which ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

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8
Q

This mitochondrial membrane forms a barrier with the cytosol.

A

Outer Membrane

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9
Q

This mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae and contains enzymes for the electron transport chain.

A

Inner Membrane

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10
Q

Contains hydrolytic enzymes that can break down substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products. When these enzymes are released, autolysis of the cell can occur.

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

A series of interconnected membranes and is continuous with the nuclear envelope.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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12
Q

This ER is studded with ribosomes that permit translation of proteins destined for secretion.

A

Rough ER (RER)

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13
Q

This ER is used for lipid synthesis and detoxification.

A

Smooth ER (SER)

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14
Q

Consists of stacked membrane-bound sacs in which cellular products can be modified, packaged, and directed to specific cellular locations.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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15
Q

Contain hydrogen peroxide and can break down very long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. They also participate in phospholipid synthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Peroxisomes

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16
Q

What are three parts of the Eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermediate Filaments
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17
Q

The functional parts of the organ.

A

Parenchyma

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18
Q

What normally forms the parenchyma?

A

Epithelial Cells

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19
Q

Flat and scalelike cells.

A

Squamous Cells

20
Q

Long and narrow cells.

A

Columnar Cells

21
Q

Cube shaped cells.

A

Cuboidal Cells

22
Q

Extremophiles that live in harsh environments and often use alternative sources of energy (like chemosynthesis).

A

Archaea

23
Q

Rod shaped bacteria.

A

Bacilli

24
Q

Spiral shaped bacteria.

A

Spirilla

25
Q

Bacteria that require oxygen for metabolism.

A

Obligate Aerobes

26
Q

Bacteria that cannot survive in environments with or without oxygen and will toggle metabolic processes based on the environment.

A

Facultative Anaerobes

27
Q

Bacteria that cannot use oxygen for metabolism but can survive in an oxygen-containing enviornment.

A

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

28
Q

Bacteria that have a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid.

A

Gram Positive(+)

29
Q

Bacteria that have a thin cell wall composed of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides.

A

Gram Negative (-)

30
Q

When bacteria move in response to chemical stimuli, this is called?

A

Chemotaxis

31
Q

Contains extrachromosomal material (antibiotic resistance genes or virulence factors) in prokaryotes.

A

Plasmids

32
Q

Plasmids that can integrate into the genome.

A

Episomes

33
Q

The aquisition of genetic material from the environment, which can be integrated into the bacterial genome.

A

Transformation

34
Q

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another across a bridge; a plasmid can be transferred from F+ cells to F- cells, or a portion of the genome can be transferred from HFr cell to a recipient.

A

Conjugation

35
Q

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another using a bacteriophage as a vector.

A

Transduction

36
Q

Genetic elements that can insert into or remove themselves from the genome.

A

Transposons

37
Q

What is the predictable pattern of bacterial growth?

A

Lag Phase > Exponential Phase > Stationary Phase > Death Phase

38
Q

Individual virus particles.

A

Virions

39
Q

What contains genetic material, a protein coat (capsid) and sometimes a lipid containing envelope?

A

Viruses

40
Q

Viruses that target bacteria

A

Bacteriophages

41
Q

This virus contains a single-stranded RNA genome, to which a complementary DNA strand is made using reverse transcriptase. Then, the DNA strand can be integreated into the genome.

A

Retrovirus

42
Q

When the bacteriophage produces massive numbers of new virions until the cell lyses.

A

Lytic Cycle

43
Q

When the virus integrates into the host genome as a pro-virus or prophage, which can then reproduce along with the cell. The provirus then leaves the genome in response to a stimulus at some later time and enters the other cycle.

A

Lysogenic Cycle

44
Q

Infectious proteins that trigger misfolding of other proteins, usually converting alpha-helical structures to a beta-pleated sheet. This decreases the solubility and degradability of the misfolded protein.

A

Prions

45
Q

Plant pathogens that are small circles of complementary RNA that can turn off genes, resulting in metabolic and structural derangements of the cell and -potentially- cell death.

A

Viroids

MCAT 528 Biology (7 decks)

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