Respiratory Anatomy & Histology

Question 0

5 areas of pleura

Answer 0

cervical
mediastinal
costal
diaphragmatic
costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 1

What are the 3 compartments of the thorax?

Answer 1

right and left pleural cavities

central mediastinum

Question 2

What level does the trachea start?

Answer 2

C6

Question 3

How does R and L main bronchi differ?

Answer 3

Right is shorter, wider and more vertical

Question 4

What level does trachea divide?

Answer 4

T4-5 in main bronchi (angle of louis)

Question 5

Describe the trachea cross section

Answer 5

series of U-shaped rings attached posteriorly via trachealis muscle

Question 6

Where do the main bronchi enter the lung?

Answer 6

the hlium

Question 7

Order of bronchi entering?

Answer 7

Main –>lobar –> segmental

Question 8

Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by? 3 things

Answer 8

segmental bronchus
artery
vein

Question 9

What’s so special about bronchopulmonary segment? 2 things

Answer 9

function

Question 10

What’s the arching vessel indent on the left lung?

Answer 10

aorta

Question 11

What’s the arching vessel indent on the right lung?

Answer 11

azygous vein

Question 12

The parietal pleura consists of 2 things:

Answer 12

Diaphragmatic pleura

Costodiaphgragmatic recess

Question 13

What’s the pulmonary ligament for?

Answer 13

A ‘dead space’ for Expansion of pulmonary veins

Question 14

How does it feel when I stick a needle into your visceral layer? Why?

Answer 14

“Not bad…. it’s Dull doc”

“yep, cause it’s your autonomic nerves I’m hitting”

Question 15

How does it feel when I stick a needle into your parietal layer? Why?

Answer 15

“IT’S SHARP AND SEVERE!!!”

“yes, cause it’s your somatic nerves I just irritated.”

Question 16

What do you call air between the pleura?

Answer 16

pneumothorax

Question 17

What do you call blood between the pleura?

Answer 17

haemothorax

Question 18

When you choke on something, where does it get stuck? and why?

Answer 18

Right main bronchus cause it’s shorter, wider and more vertical

Question 19

What’s the FIRST branch off of the right main bronchus?

Answer 19

Apical segment of lower lobe, so auscultate there is there is aspiration of vomit or liquids

Question 20

Where does the azygous vein arch?

Answer 20

level of 2nd costal cartilage

Question 21

What are conducting parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 21

nasopharynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

Question 22

What do the sinuses do to the air on inspiration and expiration?

Answer 22

inspiration: humidifies and warms
expiration: cools and condenses and recycles moisture

Question 23

What diverts food and drink away from the airways? 2 things

Answer 23

epiglottis

Question 24

what's the uppermost part of the trachea?

Answer 24

larynx

Question 25

whats the organ of phonation?

Answer 25

larynx

Question 26

What is a non-respiratory function of the lungs?

Answer 26

sound production

Question 27

What kind of epithelium lines airways?

Answer 27

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

Question 28

What do sensory cells in the respiratory epithelium do?

Answer 28

initiate cough

Question 29

what produces musuc in the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 29

goblet cells and deeper glands

Question 30

What percentage of Serous cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 30

3%

Question 31

What percentage of Basal Stem cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

What percentage of basal columnar cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 32

30%

Question 33

What percentage of brush cells with microvilli make up the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 33

3%

Question 34

vWhat percentage of goblet cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 34

30%

Question 35

T/F there is slow turnover in the lungs?

Answer 35

false. fast turn over, why there are 30% basal stem cells

Question 36

What does smoking do to the mucus clearing mechanism?

Answer 36

destroys cilia, harder to clear crap

Question 37

dimensions of trachea?

Answer 37

12 cm long, 2cm diameter

Question 38

What happens when you contract the trachealis muscle?

Answer 38

trachea narrows

Question 39

what are the 3 layers of the trachea?

Answer 39

mucosa submucosa adventitia

Question 40

Narrow tube = more or less resistance?

Answer 40

more resistance

Question 41

What makes up the mucosa in the trachea? 2 things

Answer 41

respiratory epithelium | lamina priopria

Question 42

Whats in the submucosa of the trachea? 2 things

Answer 42

glands and connective tissue

Question 43

Where is the cartilage "c"s and outer later of CT located in the trachea?

Answer 43

adventitia

Question 44

How many branches does the primary bronchi split into? how many right, how many left?

Answer 44

3 right | 2 left

Question 45

Do bronchi have cartilage rings?

Answer 45

Nope. cartilage plates

Question 46

Where is the smooth muscle located in a bronchus?

Answer 46

between lamina propria and submucosa (complete ring)

Question 47

Are there glands and lymphoid and alveoli in a bronchus?

Answer 47

only glands and lymphoid tissue

Question 48

When does a bronchus become a bronchiole? what's it's diameter?

Answer 48

when there is no longer cartilage

Question 49

Which dichotomous branch does the bronchi turn into the bronchiole?

Answer 49

around 10-15th branch

Question 50

What do bronchiole lose and what do they gain?

Answer 50

lose goblet cells, ciliated cells | gains clara cells

Question 51

How do bronchioles keep their airways open without cartilage?

Answer 51

radial CT

Question 52

T/F? goblet cells extend further down than ciliated cells?

Answer 52

False. gravity will pull mucous down so you want ciliated cells lower to catch

Question 53

What do Clara cells look like?

Answer 53

columnar/cuboidal with short microvilli

Question 54

What do clara cells secrete?

Answer 54

surfactant

Question 55

What is the final level of the conducting system?

Answer 55

terminal bronchioles

Question 56

What do terminal bronchioles have and what don't they have?

Answer 56

have clara cells, some cilia, have smooth muscle does not have goblet cells

Question 57

T/F? Terminal bronchioles have gas exchange structures?

Answer 57

false.

Question 58

When do terminal bronchioles become respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 58

as soon as a break in the wall

Question 59

What are chains of connected alveoli called?

Answer 59

alveolar ducts

Question 60

describe the epithelium of respiratory bronchiole?

Answer 60

cuboidal to squamous

Question 61

how many alveoli in the lungs?

Answer 61

300 million

Question 63

surface area of exchange of all the alveoli?

Answer 63

140m2

Question 64

What's the diameter of a typical alveolus?

Answer 64

200um

Question 65

What are individual alveoli connectred by?

Answer 65

pores

Question 66

what cells are alveoli lined with?

Answer 66

simple squamous

Question 67

What is the interalveolar septum made of ? how are they arranged?

Answer 67

radially arranged reticular and elastin fibres

Question 68

What are the epithelial cells of the alveoli called? how many percent of the surface area do they make up?

Answer 68

Type 1 pneumocytes cover up 95%

Question 69

What do type 1 pneumocytes do functionally? 2 things?

Answer 69

exchange surface | tight junction to limit leakage

Question 70

are there basal lamina with type 1 pneumocytes?

Answer 70

yes! prominent ones

Question 71

There are less Type II than type 1 pneumocytes? T/F?

Answer 71

False, more Type II pneumocytes! Though only cover 5% of surface area

Question 72

What kind of cells are Type II pneumocytes?

Answer 72

cuboidal cells

Question 73

What do the lamella bodies on Type II pneumocytes do?

Answer 73

secrete surfactant

Question 74

What are the stem cells in the alveoli called?

Answer 74

Type II pneumocytes

Question 75

Do Type II pneumocytes have and villi?

Answer 75

yes microvilli actually

Question 76

Can Type II pneumocytes only give rise to type II?

Answer 76

Nope. Both type 1 and 2

Question 77

Gas exchange must pass through two cell barriers, they are?

Answer 77

Type 1 pneumocyte | Endothelial cell of capillary

Question 78

What is the blood-gas barrier made of? 7 layers

Answer 78

``` surfactant type 1 pneumocyte basallamina CT basal lamina endothelial cell plasma ```

Question 79

What are the phagocytes in the alveoli called?

Answer 79

Intra-alveolar macrophages

Question 80

2 eventual fates of a 'full' Intra-alveolar macrophages

Answer 80

travel up to cilia and carried away | end up in the septum and you get the darkspots

Question 81

Why is it important to have film of serous fluid between visceral and parietal pleuras?

Answer 81

prevent pleural rub during respiration

Question 82

what's a risk of lymphatics draining into pleural space?

Answer 82

infection | cancer