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Jason's Respiratory Block > Respiratory Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

0
Q

5 areas of pleura

A 
cervical
mediastinal
costal
diaphragmatic
costodiaphragmatic recess
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1
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the thorax?

A

right and left pleural cavities

central mediastinum

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2
Q

What level does the trachea start?

A

C6

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3
Q

How does R and L main bronchi differ?

A

Right is shorter, wider and more vertical

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4
Q

What level does trachea divide?

A

T4-5 in main bronchi (angle of louis)

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5
Q

Describe the trachea cross section

A

series of U-shaped rings attached posteriorly via trachealis muscle

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6
Q

Where do the main bronchi enter the lung?

A

the hlium

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7
Q

Order of bronchi entering?

A

Main –>lobar –> segmental

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8
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment is supplied by? 3 things

A

segmental bronchus
artery
vein

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9
Q

What’s so special about bronchopulmonary segment? 2 things

A

function

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10
Q

What’s the arching vessel indent on the left lung?

A

aorta

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11
Q

What’s the arching vessel indent on the right lung?

A

azygous vein

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12
Q

The parietal pleura consists of 2 things:

A

Diaphragmatic pleura

Costodiaphgragmatic recess

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13
Q

What’s the pulmonary ligament for?

A

A ‘dead space’ for Expansion of pulmonary veins

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14
Q

How does it feel when I stick a needle into your visceral layer? Why?

A

“Not bad…. it’s Dull doc”

“yep, cause it’s your autonomic nerves I’m hitting”

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15
Q

How does it feel when I stick a needle into your parietal layer? Why?

A

“IT’S SHARP AND SEVERE!!!”

“yes, cause it’s your somatic nerves I just irritated.”

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16
Q

What do you call air between the pleura?

A

pneumothorax

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17
Q

What do you call blood between the pleura?

A

haemothorax

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18
Q

When you choke on something, where does it get stuck? and why?

A

Right main bronchus cause it’s shorter, wider and more vertical

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19
Q

What’s the FIRST branch off of the right main bronchus?

A

Apical segment of lower lobe, so auscultate there is there is aspiration of vomit or liquids

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20
Q

Where does the azygous vein arch?

A

level of 2nd costal cartilage

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21
Q

What are conducting parts of the respiratory system?

A

nasopharynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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22
Q

What do the sinuses do to the air on inspiration and expiration?

A

inspiration: humidifies and warms
expiration: cools and condenses and recycles moisture

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23
Q

What diverts food and drink away from the airways? 2 things

A

epiglottis

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24
Q

what’s the uppermost part of the trachea?

A

larynx

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25
Q

whats the organ of phonation?

A

larynx

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26
Q

What is a non-respiratory function of the lungs?

A

sound production

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27
Q

What kind of epithelium lines airways?

A

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium

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28
Q

What do sensory cells in the respiratory epithelium do?

A

initiate cough

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29
Q

what produces musuc in the respiratory epithelium?

A

goblet cells and deeper glands

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30
Q

What percentage of Serous cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

3%

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31
Q

What percentage of Basal Stem cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

30%

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32
Q

What percentage of basal columnar cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

30%

33
Q

What percentage of brush cells with microvilli make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

3%

34
Q

vWhat percentage of goblet cells make up the respiratory epithelium?

A

30%

35
Q

T/F there is slow turnover in the lungs?

A

false. fast turn over, why there are 30% basal stem cells

36
Q

What does smoking do to the mucus clearing mechanism?

A

destroys cilia, harder to clear crap

37
Q

dimensions of trachea?

A

12 cm long, 2cm diameter

38
Q

What happens when you contract the trachealis muscle?

A

trachea narrows

39
Q

what are the 3 layers of the trachea?

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

40
Q

Narrow tube = more or less resistance?

A

more resistance

41
Q

What makes up the mucosa in the trachea? 2 things

A

respiratory epithelium

lamina priopria

42
Q

Whats in the submucosa of the trachea? 2 things

A

glands and connective tissue

43
Q

Where is the cartilage “c”s and outer later of CT located in the trachea?

A

adventitia

44
Q

How many branches does the primary bronchi split into? how many right, how many left?

A

3 right

2 left

45
Q

Do bronchi have cartilage rings?

A

Nope. cartilage plates

46
Q

Where is the smooth muscle located in a bronchus?

A

between lamina propria and submucosa (complete ring)

47
Q

Are there glands and lymphoid and alveoli in a bronchus?

A

only glands and lymphoid tissue

48
Q

When does a bronchus become a bronchiole? what’s it’s diameter?

A

when there is no longer cartilage

49
Q

Which dichotomous branch does the bronchi turn into the bronchiole?

A

around 10-15th branch

50
Q

What do bronchiole lose and what do they gain?

A

lose goblet cells, ciliated cells

gains clara cells

51
Q

How do bronchioles keep their airways open without cartilage?

A

radial CT

52
Q

T/F? goblet cells extend further down than ciliated cells?

A

False. gravity will pull mucous down so you want ciliated cells lower to catch

53
Q

What do Clara cells look like?

A

columnar/cuboidal with short microvilli

54
Q

What do clara cells secrete?

A

surfactant

55
Q

What is the final level of the conducting system?

A

terminal bronchioles

56
Q

What do terminal bronchioles have and what don’t they have?

A

have clara cells, some cilia, have smooth muscle

does not have goblet cells

57
Q

T/F? Terminal bronchioles have gas exchange structures?

A

false.

58
Q

When do terminal bronchioles become respiratory bronchioles?

A

as soon as a break in the wall

59
Q

What are chains of connected alveoli called?

A

alveolar ducts

60
Q

describe the epithelium of respiratory bronchiole?

A

cuboidal to squamous

61
Q

how many alveoli in the lungs?

A

300 million

63
Q

surface area of exchange of all the alveoli?

A

140m2

64
Q

What’s the diameter of a typical alveolus?

A

200um

65
Q

What are individual alveoli connectred by?

A

pores

66
Q

what cells are alveoli lined with?

A

simple squamous

67
Q

What is the interalveolar septum made of ? how are they arranged?

A

radially arranged reticular and elastin fibres

68
Q

What are the epithelial cells of the alveoli called? how many percent of the surface area do they make up?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes cover up 95%

69
Q

What do type 1 pneumocytes do functionally? 2 things?

A

exchange surface

tight junction to limit leakage

70
Q

are there basal lamina with type 1 pneumocytes?

A

yes! prominent ones

71
Q

There are less Type II than type 1 pneumocytes? T/F?

A

False, more Type II pneumocytes! Though only cover 5% of surface area

72
Q

What kind of cells are Type II pneumocytes?

A

cuboidal cells

73
Q

What do the lamella bodies on Type II pneumocytes do?

A

secrete surfactant

74
Q

What are the stem cells in the alveoli called?

A

Type II pneumocytes

75
Q

Do Type II pneumocytes have and villi?

A

yes microvilli actually

76
Q

Can Type II pneumocytes only give rise to type II?

A

Nope. Both type 1 and 2

77
Q

Gas exchange must pass through two cell barriers, they are?

A

Type 1 pneumocyte

Endothelial cell of capillary

78
Q

What is the blood-gas barrier made of? 7 layers

A 
surfactant
type 1 pneumocyte
basallamina
CT
basal lamina
endothelial cell
plasma
79
Q

What are the phagocytes in the alveoli called?

A

Intra-alveolar macrophages

80
Q

2 eventual fates of a ‘full’ Intra-alveolar macrophages

A

travel up to cilia and carried away

end up in the septum and you get the darkspots

81
Q

Why is it important to have film of serous fluid between visceral and parietal pleuras?

A

prevent pleural rub during respiration

82
Q

what’s a risk of lymphatics draining into pleural space?

A

infection

cancer

Jason's Respiratory Block (20 decks)

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