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Jason's Respiratory Block > Obstructive/Restrictive > Flashcards

Obstructive/Restrictive Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology is all about the _______ of disease

A

MECHANISM

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2
Q

Basic and Systematic pathology is learned where?

A

textbook

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3
Q

Clinical pathology is applying what?

A

interpret findings of the basic and systematic pathology

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4
Q

6 ‘levels’ of disease

A 
Molecular
ultrastructural
cells
tissues/organs
physiological system
society
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5
Q

I DIVINE TIME: Go!

A 
infectious
degenerative
inflamm/immune
vascular
iatrogenic (drugs,sx, radiation)
neoplastic
environment
trauma
idiopathic
metabolic
endocrine
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6
Q

4 things contained in the acinus of the lung:

A

Respiratory bronchiole
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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7
Q

3 characteristics of obstructive/restricitve lung diseases?

A

chronic
diffuse
non-infectious

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8
Q

COPD is made up of 3 diseases:

A

Emphysema
chronic bronchitis
asthma

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9
Q

Is bronchiectasis COPD?

A

Separate disease

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10
Q

2 word definition of asthma?

A

reversible bronchoconstriction

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11
Q

Is asthma diagnosed histologically?

A

Nope, clinical/physiological

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12
Q

T/F? Ventolin helps decrease mucus production, vascular permeability, and bronchospasm?

A

False. Only bronchospasm.

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13
Q

How do you treat late phase asthma?

A

Corticosteroids

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14
Q

What is late phase asthma?

A

chemotaxis of eosinophils/lymphocytes, inflammation/epithelial damage

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15
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

alveoli collapse

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16
Q

severe chronic asthma causes airway remodelling which means what?

A

fibrosis and irreversible obstruction

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17
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

right sided heart failure

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18
Q

Emphysema definition is?

A

Abnormal, permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole (acinus)

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19
Q

Emphysema has fibrosis?

A

NOPE! destruction of alveolar wall without fibrosis

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20
Q

Cigarette smoking causes centriacinar? or panacinar?

A

Centriacinar

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21
Q

What’s the mechanism of damage for tobacco to alveoli

A

Smoke–> draws neutrophils to area–> release neutrophil elastase –>tobacco inactivates antiproteases–>build up of elastase–>damage alveoli

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22
Q

How does Emphysema cause airway obstruction?

A

Loss of elastic recoil due to too much elastase from neutrophils. Become FLOPPY.

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23
Q

What’s the main complication of Emphysema?

A

Airflow obstruction

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24
Q

3 forms of Emphysema?

A

bullous
compensatory
interstitial

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25
Chronic Bronchitis clinical definition?
persistent cough productive of sputum for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years
26
What's the number one cause of Chronic Bronchitis?
chronic irritation from cigarette smoke
27
features of Chronic Bronchitis?
more mucus | airway inflamm, scarring, narrowing
28
How do you get more mucus with Chronic Bronchitis?
hypertrophy of mucus secreting glands (>0.4 Reid index) | some increased goblet cells
29
Do you get fibrosis in Chronic Bronchitis?
Yes.
30
What's so dangerous about squamous metaplasia?
risk of neoplasms
31
Why would the columnar cells turn into squamous?
squamous more tough, but no cilia
32
What's the number one complication in Chronic Bronchitis?
Secondary bacterial infections
33
Secondary complications in Chronic Bronchitis?
hypoxis/pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale, neoplasia
34
Where does small airways disease affect?
terminal bronchioles (<2mm)
35
Is small airways disease part of COPD?
Yes, important
36
What are the features of small airways disease?
inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction of terminal bronchioles
37
>90% of COPD caused by:
Smoking
38
COPD is a group of 3 conditions:
Emphysema Chronic Bronchitis Small Airways Disease ('asthma')
39
Exacerbations of COPD are usually cause by what?
Infections: bacterial
40
infections in pink puffer?
occasional, not as much as blue bloater
41
CXR of pink puffer is?
hyperinflated, small heart
42
pink puffer is emphysema or chronic bronchitis?
emphysema
43
Age of blue bloaters?
40-45
44
Dypnea of pink puffer?
severe, early
45
cough/sputum of blue bloater?
early/ lots of sputum
46
Repiratory insufficiency of blu bloater?
repeated
47
cor pulmonale in pink puffer?
rare: terminal
48
airway resistance in blue bloater?
increased
49
elastic recoil in pink puffer?
low
50
CXR of blue bloater?
prominent vessels | large heart
51
elastic recoil in blue bloater?
normal
52
airway resistance in pink puffer?
normal
53
cor pulmonale in blue bloater?
common
54
respiratory insufficiency in pink puffer?
terminal
55
infections in blue blue bloater?
common
56
age of pink puffer?
50-75
57
blue bloater is emphysema or chronic bronchitis?
chronic bronchitis
58
Smoking causes what % of cancer and CVD?
15-30%
59
Drug related deaths due to: __% cigarettes __% alcohol __% illicit drugs
82% 16% 2%
60
COPD is on the decline?
Nope, on the rise
61
Smoking related deaths: Atherosclerosis: Lung Cancer COPD
35% 18% 20%
62
4 reasons why smoking predisposes to pulmonary infections
inhibition of mucociliary escalator increase mucus inhibit leukocyte function direct damage to epithelial later
63
Define bronchiectasis
irreversible, abnormal dilation of bronchi/bronchioles
64
Bronchiectasis happens how? 3 reasons
destruction of airways from infections/inflamm loss of elastic tissue can't clear out crap
65
Cilia disorders, CF, obstruction/infections can all cause what in the lungs?
Bronchiectasis
66
How do you get a very severe infection in the lungs that antibiotics can't even really help much?
mucous plug AND infection behind it = a bad day
67
What is the defining feature of restrictive lung disease?
Inflammation and fibrosis the inter alveolar septa
68
What does restrictive lung disease look like on chest x-ray?
Diffuse reticule-nodular | groundglass patterns
69
what you see in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
usual interstitial pneumonitis
70
What is the mean survival for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Three years

Jason's Respiratory Block (20 decks)

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