Alveolar destruction & +++ pulmonary artery press. Flashcards

1
Q

True or false type two respiratory failure is any cause of inadequate ventilation?

A

True

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2
Q

What’s diffuses easier across the alveolar membrane: CO2 or O2?

A

CO2

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3
Q

Approximately how many alveoli do you have in your lungs?

A

200 to 300 million

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4
Q

What four things are the alveolar capillary membrane composed of?

A

Player of surfactant
type alveolar cell
basement membrane
vascular endothelial cell

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5
Q

How thick is the alveoli – capillary membrane?

A

2 cells thick

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6
Q

What is the average surface area for diffusion of gases in the lungs?

A

75 m2

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7
Q

Why are the lungs ideally suited for gas exchange?

A

Large surface area and thinness

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8
Q

3 physiological effects of disrupting the a – c membrane?

A
  1. abnormal gas exchange
    2 abnormal lung mechanics
    3 pulmonary vascular complications
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9
Q

What does Fick’s law determine??

A

Rate of diffusion of the gas

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10
Q

Should there be a limitation in diffusion of oxygen in a normal person at maximum exercise?

A

Nope. only perfusion limited

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11
Q

When would you get a diffusion limitation of oxygen transfer? 2 situations

A

at rest if abnormal A-C membrane

during exercise if less severe disease

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12
Q

How much faster does CO2 diffuse out compared to O2?

A

20x faster

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13
Q

When is one of the only times he would get a high PaCO2?

A

low ventilation ie. type 2 reap failure

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14
Q

How is emphysema an exception in the restrictive lung disease category?

A

It has increased lung compliance not stiffer

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15
Q

What is the pattern of breathing for restrictive lung diseases?

A

Short and shallow rate

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16
Q

Increased work of breathing needs to overcome the stiffness of what in the lungs?

A

elastic/reduced compliance of lungs

17
Q

What is the PaO2 and PaCO2 of someone in respiratory muscle fatigue/failure?

A

PaO2 is less than 60mmHg

PaCO2 is greater than 50 mmHg

18
Q

What is a hallmark reduction in someone with stiff lungs?

A

reduced vital capacity

19
Q

Compliance of the lungs are affected by two things they are?

A

Tissue composition

Surface tension in alveoli

20
Q

Over compliant/elastic lungs are what disease?

A

Emphysema

21
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis does what to the compliance of the lungs?

A

decreased/stiff

22
Q

For a minute ventilation a person will adopt a pattern of breathing that is what?

A

Minimizes the work of breathing

23
Q

how is maximum ventilation affected in restrictive lung diseases?

A

reduced especially in exercise

24
Q

What does asbestosis do to lungs?

A

abnormal increases in fibrosis and diffuse inflammation that destroys A-C membrane

25
Q

What kind of crackles do you hear with asbestosis?

A

inspiratory crackles of airways popping open due to collapses

26
Q
What does the following indicate?
Tachypnea
finger clubbing/cyanosis
increase JVP
bassal crepitations
tender pulsatile hapatomegaly
ascites
peripheral oedema
A

Pulmonary hypertension

27
Q

How do you get a tricuspid pan-systolic murmur?

A

when you have right ventricular dilatation and the cusps don’t come together perfectly due to inexperience with higher pressures

28
Q

Pulmonary hypertension does what to the right atrial and systemic venous pressures??

A

increased

29
Q

What is ascites?

A

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity causing swelling

30
Q

What happens when you increase systemic venous pressure to the systemic capillary bed? 3 things:

A

peripheral oedema
ascites
pleural effusions

31
Q

Three most common causes of increased pulmonary area vascular resistance:

A

vasoconstriction (hypovent)
obstruction (emboli, pulm HTN)
obliteration (emphysema, fibrosis)

32
Q

The three most common causes of pulmonary hypertension?

A

Increased left atrial pressure (mitral stenosis)
Increased pulmonary blood flow (shunts, HTN)
Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

33
Q

What is lassitude ?

A

a state of physical or mental weariness