respiratory anatomy Flashcards
mediastinum
central compartment of the thoracic cavity which contains the structure sin the middle of the thorax
which cavity does the heart lie in?
the pericardial cavity, this is inside the mediastinum
what is the function of the thoracic wall?
to protect the contents of the sacs yet permit movement during respiration
the thoracic wall comprises of which bones?
the sternum, ribs 1-12, vertabrae T1-12
which bones articulate with the manubrium at its superolateral angles and what is the name of these joins?
the clavicles, sternoclavicular joints
what type of joint id the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial saddle
what is the name given to the notch formed by the superior border of the manubrium?
the jugular notch
with which vertebrae does a rib articulate?
the vertebrae of the same number as the rib and the one above
which structure of the vertebrae does the tubercle of the ribs articulate?
the transverse process, with the costal facet (an articular facet on the tip of the transverse process)
which structures lie in the costal groove?
intercostal veins, arteries and nerves
which ribs are true ribs?
1st-7th
which ribs are false ribs?
8th-10th
which ribs are floating ribs?
11th-12th
what is a true rib?
a rib the directly attaches to the sternum
what is a false rib?
a rib that does not directly attach to the sternum, it attaches by cartilage to the 7th rib
what is a floating rib?
rib attached only to vertebrae and not to the sternum
is the superior border of ribs sharp or rounded or sharp?
rounded
is the inferior border of ribs sharp or rounded or sharp?
sharp
which vertebrae does the first rib articulate with?
T1 only
which groove is anterior to the scalene tubercle?
subclavian vein
which groove is posterior to the scalene tubercle?
subclavian artery
what is the scalene tubercle the attachment for?
the anterior scalene muscle
what does the head of a rib articulate with?
the demi-facets on the body of the vertebrae
which bones form the boundaries of the anatomical thoracic inlet?
superior border of the manubrium anteriorly
1st pair of ribs and their costal cartilages laterally
vertebra T1 posteriorly
which bone bones and costal cartilages form the thoracic outlet?
the xiphoid process anteriorly
posteriolaterally by the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
anteriloterally by the costal cartilages of the 7th to 10th ribs and the ribs themselves
posteriorly by vertebra T12
which costal cartilages form the subcostal angle?
the cartilages of the 7th to 10th ribs
which muscle is primarily used in breathing in the newborn? why?
the diaphragm. their ribs do not face posterioinferiorly so contracting of the intercostal muscles does not cause much change in thoracic volume.
how are the muscle fibres orientated in the external intercostal muscles?
inferoanteriorly
how are the muscle fibres orientated in the internal intercostal muscles?
inferoposteriorly
how are the muscle fibres orientated in the innermost intercostal muscles?
inferoposteriorly
intercostal space 4 will be below which rib?
4th
between which intercostal muscles is the neurovascular bundle found?
between the innermost and internal
from superior to inferior which structures comprise the neurovascular bundle in the intercostal space?
intercostal vein
intercostal artery
intercostal nerve
where is the external intercostal membrane?
between the external intercostal muscle and the sternum, it extend instead of the muscle along the length of the costal cartilages
where is the internal intercostal membrane?
between the internal intercostal muscle and the vertebrae, it extend from the angle of the rib to the vertebrae instead of the internal intercostal muscle.
what portion of the intercostal space does the innermost intercostal muscle extend along?
the centre half
what fills the intercostal space anteriorly instead of the innermost intercostal muscle?
transversus thoracis muscles
what fills the intercostal space posteriorly instead of the innermost intercostal muscle?
subcostalis muscles
where in an intercostal space is a chest drain performed?
the inferior of the space
what is a dermatome?
area of skin supplied by sensory fibres of a single posterior root through through the posterior and anterior rami of its spinal nerve
what are the locations of the major lymph node groups?
- root of the upper limb (axillary)
- root of the lower limb (superficial and deep inguinal)
- around pectoralis major muscle (pectoral)
- bifurcation of the trachea in the thorax (tracheobronchial)
- around root of arteries in the abdomen and pelvis (lumbar/pelvic)
- superficial and deep groups in head and neck (superficial and deep cervical)
which group of nodes does the majority of lymph drain through (from the lateral quadrants) from the breast?
anterior (pectoral) group of axillary lymph nodes
which section of the breast drains to the parasternal lymph nodes or the other breast?
medial quadrants
which section of the breast drains to the abdominal lymph nodes?
lower quadrants
how many attachments does the left crus have?
2
how many attachments does the right crus have?
3
what vertebrae does the right crus attach to?
L1-L3
what vertebrae does the left crus attach to?
L1 and L2
what shape is the central tendon of the diaphragm?
clover
which membrane covers the superior surface of the diaphragm?
the parietal pleura
which costal cartilages is the diaphragm attached to?
7-12
what are the major hiatuses of the diaphragm?
inferior vena cava, oesophageal, aorta
at what vertebral level is the hiatus for the inferior vena cava?
T8
at what vertebral level is the hiatus for the oesophagus?
T10
at what vertebral level is the hiatus for the aorta?
T12
why does the vena cava pass through the central tendon of the diaphragm?
so it is not constricted like it would be if it passed through the skeletal muscle. This means blood flow through the vein is not reduced
why are the hiatuses of the diaphragm important clinically?
hiatus hernia may form if an abdominal organ such as the stomach protrudes through the hiatus if it is damaged
which nerves provide the diaphragm with sensory and motor supply?
the left and right phrenic nerves. the peripheries of the diaphragm are supplied by the lower intercostal nerves
what vertebral levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves?
C3, C4 & C5
at which vertebral level does the trachea bifurcate?
T4
what is the bone called immediately superior to the larynx?
hyoid bine
what is the structure of the larynx posterior to the hyoid bone?
epiglottis
what is the cartilage called below the hyoid bone that forms the laryngeal prominence?
thyroid cartilage
what is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx?
the cricoid cartilage
at what vertebral level does the larynx join with the trachea?
C6
what is the nerve supply of the larynx?
branches of the vagus nerve
what is the motor nerve supply of the LRT?
supply from sympathetic fibres from the upper vertebral levels of the thoracic region via pulmonary plexuses
what is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the LRT?
branches of the vagus nerve
what is the sensory innervation of the LRT?
sensory fibres reach the spinal chord via both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
what is the arterial supply of the LRT?
via the bronchial arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and intercostal arteries.
what is the venous drainage of the LRT?
blood drains through bronchial veins into the azygous vein
how many incomplete hyaline cartilage rings are found in the trachea?
15-20
which muscle completes the trachea posteriorly?
thrachealis muscle
what is the final keel-shaped cartilage ring before the trachea bifurcates?
carina
which arteries lie immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck?
common carotid arteries?
which nerve lies immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides ?
vagus nerve
what are the grooves lyIng between the trachea and the oesophagus on both sides?
tracheo-oesophageal grooves
which main bronchus is shorter, wider and more verticle?
the right
in which main bronchus will an inhaled object most likely get lodged?
the right
