Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory system > Lung cancer radiology > Flashcards

Lung cancer radiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the order for the systematic review of the lungs in a chest x ray?

A
  1. name/ marker/ rotation (gap between clavicles and spinous processes)/ penetration
  2. lines/metal work
  3. heart
  4. mediastinum
  5. lungs
    - upper zone
    - middle zone
    - lower zone
  6. bones
  7. diaphragm
  8. soft tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when looking at the mediastinum in a chest x-ray what is normal?

A
  • hilar vascular structures should be crisply defined
  • no widening of mediastinum
  • trachea is central
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when looking at the lungs in a chest x-ray what is normal?

A
  • compare upper, middle and lower zones to check they are consistent and normal
  • look between ribs for lung detail
  • look “behind” heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why might the whole lung appear opaque in lung cancer?

A

if the tumour blocks a main bronchus, preventing air entering the lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why might a lobe of a lung appear opaque in lung cancer?

A

if the cancer is blocking one of the secondary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the areas that must be carefully reviewed for lung cancer?

A

Hila
lung apices
behind the heart
behind the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the important steps to do to prevent misdiagnosing lung cancer?

A
  • always compare with previous imaging

- confirm lesion is intrapulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the step after a chest x-ray if lung cancer is suspected?

A

CT scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a CT scan used to do after a chest xray?

A

evaluate:

  • size
  • shape
  • atelectasis (collapsed lung, alveoli collapse, not pneumothorax)
  • border
  • density
  • solid or non-solid
  • growth
  • for dynamic contrast enhancement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a pulmonary mass?

A

an opacity in lung over 3cm with no mediastinal adenopathy (enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes) or atelectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a pulmonary nodule?

A

an opacity in the lung up to 3cm with no mediastinal adenopathy or atelectasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is mediastinal adenopathy?

A

invasion of a cancer in to the mediastinal lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the possible diagnoses for a solitary pulmonary nodule or mass?

A
  • lung cancer
  • metastasis
  • benign lung neoplasm
  • infection
  • vascular haematoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what will help distinguish a pulmonary nodule/mass caused by lung cancer from other causes?

A

age and smoking history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what will help distinguish a pulmonary nodule/mass caused by metastasis from other causes?

A

previous history of breast, renal, seminoma, sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

give an example of a benign lung neoplasm?

A

carcinoid hamartoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what infections may cause a solitary pulmonary nodule/mass?

A

tuberculosis or fungal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the T part of the TNM staging system for cancer?

A

how big it is and how far it spread/ size and position of the tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the N part of the TNM staging system for cancer?

A

whether cancer cells have spread into the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the M part of the TNM staging system for cancer?

A

whether the tumour has spread anywhere else in the body ie metastases

21
Q

what investigations are used to determine the T stage of lung cancer?

A

CT
PET-CT
bronchoscopy

22
Q

what investigations are used to determine the N stage of lung cancer?

A

PET-CT
mediastinoscopy
CT
EBUS/EUS

23
Q

what is EBUS?

A

endobronchiol ultrasound, A special endoscope fitted with an ultrasound processor and a fine-gauge aspiration needle is guided through the patient’s trachea

24
Q

what investigations are used to determine the m stage of lung cancer?

A

PET-CT
CT
bone scan

25
Q

what does TX mean in the TNM cancer staging system?

A

primary tumour cannot be assessed

26
Q

what does T0 mean in the TNM cancer staging system?

A

no evidence of primary tumour

27
Q

what does Tis mean in the TNM cancer staging system?

A

carcinoma in situ

28
Q

what does a T1 cancer look like?

A

tumour ≤3cm in greatest diameter, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, no bronchoscopic evidence of involvement of the main bronchus

29
Q

what is a T1a tumour?

A

minimally invasive adenocarcinoma ≤1cm

30
Q

what is a T1b tumour?

A

minimally invasive adenocarcinoma ≤2cm

31
Q

what is a T1c tumour?

A

minimally invasive adenocarcinoma ≤3cm

32
Q

what is a T2 tumour?

A

a tumour >3cm but <5cm

33
Q

which features make a tumour a T2a tumour?

A

any one of:

  1. Involves main bronchus, but not carina
  2. Invades visceral pleura
  3. Associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region involving part or all the lung
34
Q

what size is a T2a tumour?

A

> 3 cm but <4cm

35
Q

what size is a T2b tumour?

A

> 4cm but <5cm

36
Q

what are the features of a T3 tumour?

A

tumour >5cm but <7cm or one that directly invades any of the following:
chest wall
phrenic nerve
parietal pericardium
or seperate tumour nodule(s) in the same lobe as the primary

37
Q

what is a T4 tumour?

A 
a tumour that is >7cm or invades any of the following:
Diaphragm
mediastinum
heart
great vessels
trachea
recurrent laryngeal nerve
esophagus
vertebral body
carina

or has seperate nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe

38
Q

what does N0 mean?

A

no regional lymph node metastases

39
Q

what does N1 mean?

A

ipsilateral peribronchial, hilar or intrapulmonary nodes including direct extension (local invasion)

40
Q

what does N2 mean?

A

N2 Ipsilateral mediastinal, subcarinal

41
Q

what does N3 mean?

A

Contralateral mediastinal, contralateral hilar, scalene or supraclavicular

42
Q

what does M0 mean?

A

no distance metastasis

43
Q

what does M1a mean?

A
  • separate tumour nodule in a contralateral lobe

- tumour with peural or pericardial nodulels or malignant pleural or pericardial effusion

44
Q

what does M1b mean?

A

single distant metastasis

45
Q

what does M1c mean?

A

multiple distant metastases

46
Q

what is a the function of PET/CT scanning in staging?

A

very useful tool as it performs whole body staging in a single study excluding cerebral disease

47
Q

what are the limitations of PET CT?

A

all tests have false negative or false positive results

costly

48
Q

what are the tissue diagnosis techniques?

A
  • Bronchoscopy and EBUS
  • Percutaneous image guided biopsy ,fluoroscopy/CT/US guided
  • Mediastinoscopy to sample mediastinal nodes
  • Mediastinotomy for anterior mediastinal nodes
  • VATS (Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery)
  • explorative thoracotomy

Respiratory system (38 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions