Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
functions of respiratory system
A
- inhalation/exhalation
- gas conditioning (warming, motion, filter)
- sound production
- olfaction
- defense
2
Q
divisions of respiratory system
A
- Automatically: upper & lower respiratory tracts
- Functionally: conducting and respiratory portions
3
Q
upper respiratory tract
A
- nose and nasal cavities
- paranasal sinuses
- pharynx (respiratory and digestive)
- CONDUCTING portion of respiratory system
4
Q
nose
A
- main conducting airway
- supported by nasal bones that form bridge
- supported anteroinferiorly from bridge by septal and alar cartilages (hyaline cartilage)
- wings are made from dense CT
5
Q
nasal cavity
A
- begins as internal components of nose and ends as openings to nasopharynx (choanae)
- superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) form lateral wall for each cavity to slow airflow
- conchae condition air in nasal cavity
- superior and middle are part of ethmoid bone and inferior is its own bone
- choanae is smooth part
6
Q
division of nasal cavities
A
- partially divided by vomer and part of perpendicular plate of ethmoid bones and the septal hyaline cartilage
7
Q
paranasal sinuses
A
- paired air spaces in 4 bones to lighten them and allow resonance when speaking
- frontal
- ethmoidal
- sphenoidal
- maxillary
8
Q
phraynx
A
- shared by respiratory and digestive
- 3 regions
1) nasophraynx
2) orophraynx
3) laryngopharynx
9
Q
nasopharynx
A
- continuous with nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
- opening of eustachian auditory tubes in lateral walls
- posterior nasopharynx wall houses single pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)
10
Q
orophraynx
A
- begins at end of soft fatale ends at level of hyoid bone
- opening of oral cavity into oropharynx in fauces, defined by 2 pair of muscular arches on lateral walls of throat
- palatine tonsils are embedded in later walls between arches
- lingual tonsils are at base of tongue
11
Q
laryngopharynx
A
- starts inferior to hyoid bone and is continuous with larynx and esophagus
12
Q
lower respiratory tract: conducting portion
A
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
13
Q
lower respiratory tract: respiratory portion
A
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
- only here you can have gas exchange
14
Q
larynx
A
- connects pharynx to trachea
- voice box
- supported by framework of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles
3 major cartilages
1) thyroid cartilage
2) cricoid cartilage
3) epiglottis
15
Q
thyroid cartilage
A
- largest
- has anterior and lateral wall but no posterior
- v-shaped anterior projection is called laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)
- larger in males than females due to testosterone
16
Q
cricoid cartilage
A
- inferior ro thyroid cartilage
- front is narrow, back is wider
- only complete cartilage ring
- attachment point for ligaments and muscles for vocal sound protection (phonation)
17
Q
epiglottis
A
- spoon-shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into pharynx
- swallowing causes epiglottis to close the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering lower respiratory tract
18
Q
sound production
A
- vocal folds (true vocal cords) are in larynx and comprised of vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane and have muscles to pull them apart
- opening between folds is rims glottidis
- vocal folds plus rima glottidis are know as glottis
- vestibular folds (false vocal cords) sit superiorly to and protect true vocal cords, do not produce sound
19
Q
how sound is produced
A
- when air is forced through the rima glottidis, it causes vibrations of the vocal fold causes sound
20
Q
trachea
A
- inferior ro larynx, superior to primary bronchi, anterior to esophagus
- 2.5cm in diameter and 12-14cm long
- supported by c-shaped tracheal cartilages
21
Q
bronchiole tree
A
- highly branched system of air-conducting passages that begin with primary bronchi and end with terminal bronchi
- passages belong to conducting portion of respiratory system
- reside in substance of lungs
22
Q
bronchial tree
A
- trachea branches into left & right primary bronchi at the carina
- right primary is wider and more vertical, where foreign particle will get logged, divides into 3 secondary (lobar) bronchi
- left primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary (lobar) bronchi
- secondary bronchi divide into 8-10 tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi
23
Q
bronchioles
A
- less than 1mm in diameter
- walls are thick layer of smooth muscle
- contraction of muscles results in narrowing of bronchioles called bronchoconstriction
- relaxation of muscles results in widening of bronchioles called bronchodilation
- bronchiole branch into terminal bronchioles, which are last portions of conducting portion of respiratory system
24
Q
respiration portion of respiratory system
A
- respiratory bronchioles: site of beginning of gas exchange
- alveolar ducts: smooth muscle stops
- pulmonary alveoli: simple squamous epithelium, surrounded with capillary bed
- terminal bronchioles: branch into respiratory bronchioles
- repertory bronchioles: branch into alveolar ducts
- alveolar ducts: lead into alveolar sacs
thin wall of alveolus is the structure where respiratory gases diffused between the blood and air in lungs
25
Q
bronchus pathway
A
terminal bronchiole—> respiratory bronchiole—> alveolar duct—> alveolar sac—< alveoli
26
Q
alveoli
A
- alveolar type I cells
- alveolar type II cells (Clara cells)
27
Q
alveolar type I cells
A
- simple squamous cells promote rapid diffusion of gases
28
Q
alveolar type II cells
A
- almost cuboidal in shape and produce pulmonary surfactant with decreases surface tension in alveolus and precent collapsing
- highly vascularized
- wandering macrophages will be present to phagocytize pathogens & debris
- alveolar pores allow pressure equalization between adjacent alveoli when you inhale so they expand and decrease in size at same rate
- produces surfactant to prevent alveoli from sticking to itself and collapsing
29
Q
lungs and pleura
A
- in pleural cavities on lateral sides of thorax and separated by mediastinum
- pleural cavities and outer surface of lung are lined. with a serous membrane called pleura, allows lungs to slide with ease and not rub
- visceral pleura tightly adheres to outside of the lung
- parietal pleural lines the pleural cavity itself
- these 2 pleurae are continuous with each other and the space between them is the pleural cavity
30
Q
lungs
A
- conical shape, has base that rests on diaphragm and an apex that is the superior most portion of lung
- apex projects just slightly superior and posterior to clavicle
- costal surface comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave mediastinal surface faces medially toward mediastinum
- mediastinal surface houses a concave region called hilum
- bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into and out of lungs in this region
- all structures in hilum are the root of the lung
31
Q
left lung
A
- slightly smaller than right because of heart projection
- has anterior intended region called cardiac notch
- has oblique fissure that divides lung into 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
- lingual is homologous to the middle lobe of right lung
- heart makes medial surface indentation called cardiac impression
32
Q
right lung
A
- 2 fissure, oblique and horizontal
- divide lungs into 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)
33
Q
blood supply to and from lungs
A
- pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs, pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for oxygenation
- bronchial circulation is component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from bronchi and bronchioles, the bronchial arterioles deliver oxygenated blood to the bronchi for metabolism
34
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
- low O2 blood form heart via pulmonary arteries sent to lung alveoli to pick up O2 for the rest of body
35
Q
bronchial circulation
A
- after pulmonary is complete, high O2 blood from heart sent to bronchial tissues via bronchial arteries for regular cell metabolism
36
Q
smoking, emphysema, and lung cancer
A
- ability to effectively exchange gases between lungs and blood stream depend on available alveolar surface
37
Q
emphysema
A
- lung tissue can regenerate itself to a certain point
- if smoking the simple squamous epithelium dies, the alveoli surface area gets much larger and surface area decreases
- O2 isn’t getting into tissues
—> decrease of surface area in the lungs
