Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Midterm 3 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A
  • inhalation/exhalation
  • gas conditioning (warming, motion, filter)
  • sound production
  • olfaction
  • defense
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

divisions of respiratory system

A
  • Automatically: upper & lower respiratory tracts

- Functionally: conducting and respiratory portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

upper respiratory tract

A
  • nose and nasal cavities
  • paranasal sinuses
  • pharynx (respiratory and digestive)
  • CONDUCTING portion of respiratory system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

nose

A
  • main conducting airway
  • supported by nasal bones that form bridge
  • supported anteroinferiorly from bridge by septal and alar cartilages (hyaline cartilage)
  • wings are made from dense CT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • begins as internal components of nose and ends as openings to nasopharynx (choanae)
  • superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (turbinates) form lateral wall for each cavity to slow airflow
  • conchae condition air in nasal cavity
  • superior and middle are part of ethmoid bone and inferior is its own bone
  • choanae is smooth part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

division of nasal cavities

A
  • partially divided by vomer and part of perpendicular plate of ethmoid bones and the septal hyaline cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

paranasal sinuses

A
  • paired air spaces in 4 bones to lighten them and allow resonance when speaking
  • frontal
  • ethmoidal
  • sphenoidal
  • maxillary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phraynx

A
  • shared by respiratory and digestive
  • 3 regions
    1) nasophraynx
    2) orophraynx
    3) laryngopharynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • continuous with nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
  • opening of eustachian auditory tubes in lateral walls
  • posterior nasopharynx wall houses single pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

orophraynx

A
  • begins at end of soft fatale ends at level of hyoid bone
  • opening of oral cavity into oropharynx in fauces, defined by 2 pair of muscular arches on lateral walls of throat
  • palatine tonsils are embedded in later walls between arches
  • lingual tonsils are at base of tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • starts inferior to hyoid bone and is continuous with larynx and esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lower respiratory tract: conducting portion

A
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lower respiratory tract: respiratory portion

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
  • only here you can have gas exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

larynx

A
  • connects pharynx to trachea
  • voice box
  • supported by framework of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles
    3 major cartilages
    1) thyroid cartilage
    2) cricoid cartilage
    3) epiglottis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • largest
  • has anterior and lateral wall but no posterior
  • v-shaped anterior projection is called laryngeal prominence (Adams apple)
  • larger in males than females due to testosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cricoid cartilage

A
  • inferior ro thyroid cartilage
  • front is narrow, back is wider
  • only complete cartilage ring
  • attachment point for ligaments and muscles for vocal sound protection (phonation)
17
Q

epiglottis

A
  • spoon-shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into pharynx
  • swallowing causes epiglottis to close the opening to the larynx preventing food from entering lower respiratory tract
18
Q

sound production

A
  • vocal folds (true vocal cords) are in larynx and comprised of vocal ligaments covered by a mucous membrane and have muscles to pull them apart
  • opening between folds is rims glottidis
  • vocal folds plus rima glottidis are know as glottis
  • vestibular folds (false vocal cords) sit superiorly to and protect true vocal cords, do not produce sound
19
Q

how sound is produced

A
  • when air is forced through the rima glottidis, it causes vibrations of the vocal fold causes sound
20
Q

trachea

A
  • inferior ro larynx, superior to primary bronchi, anterior to esophagus
  • 2.5cm in diameter and 12-14cm long
  • supported by c-shaped tracheal cartilages
21
Q

bronchiole tree

A
  • highly branched system of air-conducting passages that begin with primary bronchi and end with terminal bronchi
  • passages belong to conducting portion of respiratory system
  • reside in substance of lungs
22
Q

bronchial tree

A
  • trachea branches into left & right primary bronchi at the carina
  • right primary is wider and more vertical, where foreign particle will get logged, divides into 3 secondary (lobar) bronchi
  • left primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary (lobar) bronchi
  • secondary bronchi divide into 8-10 tertiary bronchi (segmental bronchi
23
Q

bronchioles

A
  • less than 1mm in diameter
  • walls are thick layer of smooth muscle
  • contraction of muscles results in narrowing of bronchioles called bronchoconstriction
  • relaxation of muscles results in widening of bronchioles called bronchodilation
  • bronchiole branch into terminal bronchioles, which are last portions of conducting portion of respiratory system
24
Q

respiration portion of respiratory system

A
  • respiratory bronchioles: site of beginning of gas exchange
  • alveolar ducts: smooth muscle stops
  • pulmonary alveoli: simple squamous epithelium, surrounded with capillary bed
  • terminal bronchioles: branch into respiratory bronchioles
  • repertory bronchioles: branch into alveolar ducts
  • alveolar ducts: lead into alveolar sacs
    thin wall of alveolus is the structure where respiratory gases diffused between the blood and air in lungs
25
Q

bronchus pathway

A

terminal bronchiole—> respiratory bronchiole—> alveolar duct—> alveolar sac—< alveoli

26
Q

alveoli

A
  • alveolar type I cells

- alveolar type II cells (Clara cells)

27
Q

alveolar type I cells

A
  • simple squamous cells promote rapid diffusion of gases
28
Q

alveolar type II cells

A
  • almost cuboidal in shape and produce pulmonary surfactant with decreases surface tension in alveolus and precent collapsing
  • highly vascularized
  • wandering macrophages will be present to phagocytize pathogens & debris
  • alveolar pores allow pressure equalization between adjacent alveoli when you inhale so they expand and decrease in size at same rate
  • produces surfactant to prevent alveoli from sticking to itself and collapsing
29
Q

lungs and pleura

A
  • in pleural cavities on lateral sides of thorax and separated by mediastinum
  • pleural cavities and outer surface of lung are lined. with a serous membrane called pleura, allows lungs to slide with ease and not rub
  • visceral pleura tightly adheres to outside of the lung
  • parietal pleural lines the pleural cavity itself
  • these 2 pleurae are continuous with each other and the space between them is the pleural cavity
30
Q

lungs

A
  • conical shape, has base that rests on diaphragm and an apex that is the superior most portion of lung
  • apex projects just slightly superior and posterior to clavicle
  • costal surface comes in contact with the ribs and the slightly concave mediastinal surface faces medially toward mediastinum
  • mediastinal surface houses a concave region called hilum
  • bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves pass into and out of lungs in this region
  • all structures in hilum are the root of the lung
31
Q

left lung

A
  • slightly smaller than right because of heart projection
  • has anterior intended region called cardiac notch
  • has oblique fissure that divides lung into 2 lobes (superior and inferior)
  • lingual is homologous to the middle lobe of right lung
  • heart makes medial surface indentation called cardiac impression
32
Q

right lung

A
  • 2 fissure, oblique and horizontal

- divide lungs into 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)

33
Q

blood supply to and from lungs

A
  • pulmonary circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs, pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the alveoli for oxygenation
  • bronchial circulation is component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from bronchi and bronchioles, the bronchial arterioles deliver oxygenated blood to the bronchi for metabolism
34
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • low O2 blood form heart via pulmonary arteries sent to lung alveoli to pick up O2 for the rest of body
35
Q

bronchial circulation

A
  • after pulmonary is complete, high O2 blood from heart sent to bronchial tissues via bronchial arteries for regular cell metabolism
36
Q

smoking, emphysema, and lung cancer

A
  • ability to effectively exchange gases between lungs and blood stream depend on available alveolar surface
37
Q

emphysema

A
  • lung tissue can regenerate itself to a certain point
  • if smoking the simple squamous epithelium dies, the alveoli surface area gets much larger and surface area decreases
  • O2 isn’t getting into tissues
    —> decrease of surface area in the lungs

Anatomy Midterm 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions