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Anatomy Midterm 3 > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

similarities between male and female

A
  • primary sex organs called gonads
  • glands produce sex cells called gametes
  • ducts to transport gametes from monads to site of fertilization
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2
Q

perineum

A
  • diamond amped region between highs with boundaries of pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosity, coccyx
  • anteriorly: urogenital triangle (ischial tuberosity and pubic symphysis)
  • posteriorly: anal triangle (ischial tuberosity, and coccyx)
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3
Q

female reproductive organs

A
  • primary sex organs are ovaries
  • accessory:
  • uterine (Fallopian) tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
  • mammary glands
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4
Q

anatomy of female reproductive system

A
  • 2 major dead end recesses or pouches are formed from peritoneal folds around pelvic organs
    1) vesicouterine pouch: anterior space between uterus and bladder
    2) rectouterin pouch: posterior space between uterus and rectum
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5
Q

ovaries

A
  • paired, oval organs, slightly larger than almond
  • anchored within pelvic cavity by several folds of peritoneum
  • borad ligament
  • ovarian ligament: anchors ovaries to uterus
  • suspensory ligament: anchors entire structure out to lateral wall
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6
Q

structure of ovary

A
  • surrounded by epithelial layer of simple cuboidal cells called germinal epithelium
  • deep to germinal epithelium is connective tissue capsule called tunica albuginea (outer white layer)
  • deep to tunica albuginea very is divided into outer cortex and inner medulla
  • cortex has ovarian follicles
  • medulla has connective tissues, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves
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7
Q

ovarian follicles

A
  • in cortex is thousands of ovarian follicles
  • follicles have and oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
  • born with as many oocytes as you will have your whole life
  • different types of ovarian follicles represent stages of development
  • ovulation is halfway through cycle, when oocyte breaks out of follicle cell and leave uterus ~day 14
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8
Q

stages of follicle development

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • vesicular follicle
  • corpus luteum
  • corpus albicans
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9
Q

primordial follicle

A
  • most primitive, has primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of simple squamous cells
  • waiting for hormonal signal to develop
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10
Q

primary follicle

A
  • primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of stratified cuboidal cells
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11
Q

secondary follicle

A
  • primary oocyte, many layers of granulose cells, a fluid-filled space called antrum
  • atrium has serous fluid that increases in volume as ovulation nears
  • 2 protective structures surround primary oocyte
    1) zona pellucida: closer to oocyte (internal)
    2) corona radiata: further from oocyte (external)
  • allow oocyte to change grow and develop
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12
Q

vesicular follicle

A
  • mature follicle or Graafian follicle
  • has secondary oocyte surrounded by zone pellucid and corona radiate, an enlarged antrum, many layers of follicle cells
  • antrum gets so big it bursts and oocyte leaves follicle
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13
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • following rupture of vesicular follicle and expulsion of oocyte, remnants of follicle become corpus luteum
  • it secretes progesterone (pregnancy and gestation) and estrogen (growth of uterine endometrium)
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14
Q

corpus albicans

A
  • when corpus lute regresses it turns into a white connective tissue scar
  • stops producing estrogen and progesterone
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15
Q

mitosis

A
  • diploid
  • 2n
  • 46—>46
  • most cells in body
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16
Q

meiosis

A
  • turns diploid into haploid
  • n
  • 46—>23
  • sex cells, important in preserving genetic number
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17
Q

uterine (Fallopian) tubes

A
  • extend laterally from both sides of uterus
  • secondary oocyte usually fertilized in later part
  • usually takes embryo 3 days to travel length of uterine tube and reach lumen of uterus
  • tubes are 10-12 cm in length covered by mesosalpinx (part of board ligament)
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18
Q

regions of uterine tubes

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
  • uterine part
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19
Q

infundibulum

A
  • lateral opening of the tube encircles by fingerlike projections called fimbriae
  • has cilia, makes current for egg to travel
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20
Q

ampulla

A
  • extended region medial to infundibulum where fertilization occurs
  • curve
21
Q

isthmus

A
  • just medial to ampulla and represents about 1/3 of entire length of uterine tube
22
Q

uterine part

A
  • interstitial segment
  • continuous with uterus
  • where they join
23
Q

wallof uterine tubes

A

3 layers

1) mucosa: ciliated columnar epithelial cells, they beat so egg moves in controlled way in proper direction
2) muscularis: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
3) serosa/adventitia: external serous membrane covering uterine tube

24
Q

uterus

A
  • pear shaped thick-walled muscular organ in pelvic cavity
  • possesses a lumen that in continuous with the uterine tubes superolaterally and to the vagina inferiorly
  • angled anterosuperiorly across superior surface of bladder, and normal position referred to as anteverted
  • is positioned posterosuperiorly, projecting toward rectum, that abnormal position is called retroverted, can cause issues and will be monitored during pregnancy
25
Q

functions of uterus

A
  • sit of implementation, not an embryo until it implants in uterus
  • supports and protects developing embryo/fetus
  • ejects fetus during labour, contracts and send fetus down birth canal
  • collagen, reticulin and elastic fibers
26
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A
  • when embryo implants somewhere other than uterus

- can be life threatening

27
Q

regions of uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • isthmus: where it lunches and starts to taper
  • cervix: tissues that turns itself over and replicates very quickly, terminal point of uterus, transition between vagina and uterus, takes skin samples during PAP
28
Q

support of uterus

A
  • muscles of pelvic floor: lines perineum, very thick
  • round ligaments
  • transverse cervical ligaments: cardinal ligaments, keeps cervix in position
  • uterosacral ligaments: sacrocervical ligaments, connects back of uterus to sacrum
29
Q

weakness of uterus support

A
  • prolapse
  • when uterus protrudes through vagina due to its mass
  • life threatening
30
Q

blood supply to uterus

A
  • uterine arteries, which are branches from internal iliac arteries in inguinal region supply uterus
31
Q

wall of uterus

A

3 layers

  • perimetric
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
32
Q

perimetrium

A
  • outermost layer is serial layer of connective tissue
33
Q

myometrium

A
  • thick, middle tunic comprised of smooth muscle is going in all directions
34
Q

endometrium

A
  • mucosa composed of simple columnar epithelium and an underlying lamina proprina
  • lamina propria is filled with uterine glands, which enlarge during uterine cycle
  • functional and basal layer
35
Q

endometrium functional layer

A
  • stratum functionalists
  • changes thickness during uterine cycle and is shed during menses
  • under hormonal control
  • thinnest at start, hits max thickness, pregnancy doesn’t occur, corpus luteum stops producing progesterone and estrogen, stratum functionalis thins down and sheds
  • cycle keeps repeating
36
Q

endometrium basal layer

A
  • stratum basalts
  • deeper layer immediately adjacent to the myometrium and is permanent layer that undergoes no change during uterine cycle
37
Q

uterine cycle

A
  • average is 28 days
  • controlled by estrogen and progesterone secreted by ovaries
  • changes in ovary correlate with changes in endometrium
38
Q

menstrual phase

A
  • day 0-4
  • functional layer is thickest and is shedding
  • primordial follicle gets ready for ovulation
  • low estrogen and progesterone
39
Q

proliferative phase

A
  • day 4-14
  • functional layer at its thinnest
  • follicle continues to develop
  • thickness of functional layer is getting thicker
  • high estrogen and low progesterone
40
Q

secretary phase

A
  • day 14-26
  • functional layer at its thickest
  • corpus luteum develops
  • low estrogen and high progesterone
41
Q

premenstrual phase

A
  • day 26-28

- corpus luteum regresses

42
Q

vagina

A
  • fibromuscular tube about 10cm that connects uterus to outside of body
  • thin, distensible wall has 3 tunics: inner mucosa, middle muscular, outer adventitia
  • opening of vagina is vaginal orifice
  • near opening, folds of mucosa form a membranous barrier called hymen
43
Q

hymen

A
  • membrane that crosses most of vaginal orifice

- can break very easily

44
Q

mammary glands

A
  • modifies integumentary glands that secrete breast milk
  • lobes—> lobules—> secretory units called alveoli that produce milk
  • lobules secrete milk fluid
  • milk drains into lactiferous ducts
45
Q

breast milk

A
  • a complex mixture of proteins, fats, sugar for infant nutrition
  • immune function that mother can pass on to infant
46
Q

nipple

A
  • cylindrical projection on center of breast
  • has many openings from internal secretory ducts
  • positive feedback loop
47
Q

areolar

A
  • pinkish/brownish pigmented ring of skin that surrounds nipple
48
Q

lactiferous sinuses

A
  • expansions of ducts as they approach nipple
  • where milk is stored prior to release form nipple
  • overflow can result in lactation
49
Q

suspensory ligament of mammary glands

A
  • support gland by attaching the skin of gland to deep overlying fascia of pectorals major muscle

Anatomy Midterm 3 (7 decks)

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